International Institutions and Domestic Institutions: Toward a Typology of International Cooperation in the Post-Cold War and Post-Hegemonic Period:International Cooperation during Systemic Transformations
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The end of the Cold War implies the end of the two blocs in which the hegemons affected the behavior of non-hegemonic countries. In the post-Cold War period, there is no hegemonic country which can provide collective goods by herself. Nations which, during that period, did not take much responsiblitity, now have to assume greater costs in the international arena. Today, the capabilities of nations are distributed more equally and interdependence is more symmetrical. In this situation, two distinct phenomena emerge which did not present themselves in the Cold War period: (1) nations make use of established international institutions to reduce the necessary costs of state actions, and (2) domestic political institutions affect international issue-areas.First, concerning international institutions, two variables can be determined by judging how actors (states) deal with the international "anarchical" system. Institutions as dependent variables connote the place around which "actor expectations converge" in Stephen D. Krasner's definition of international regimes. If actors seek common goals and interests, institutions can be created. But, once such institutions are formed, they have autonomous functions at least partially free from state interests. Institutions as independent variables imply that they affect actor expectations in reducing transaction costs and providing information channels.Second, concerning domestic institutions, two similar variables can be discussed by analyzing relations between institutions and state policies. They are sometimes regarded in the international arena as trade barriers which prevent international cooperation. Domestic institutions as dependent variables imply that policies which pursue international economic competitiveness are accumulated to form a peculiar domestic structure.By combining both variables of the two institutions, four types of international cooperation can be assumed. First, "ad hoc cooperation." a genuinely new international agreement with no constraints of international or domestic institutions. Second, "cooperation for adjustment, " the interaction between international institutions as independent variables and domestic ones as dependent variables. Here, the external economic policies of each nation are adjusted toward international institutions. Third, "incremental cooperation, " the interaction between international institutions as dependent variables and domestic institutions as independent variables. This implies that even if international negotiations reach some agreement, the implementation of the agreements can be worked out little by little because of the incremental change of the internal political structure. Fourth, "pseudo-cooperation, " the interaction between both institutions as independent variables. Here, although negotiations are carried out through international institutions, peculiar domestic institutions pose obstacles to genuine agreements.
- 一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会の論文
一般財団法人 日本国際政治学会 | 論文
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