The National Security Doctrine and the "New Professionalism" of the South American Military:Latin America : International Relations and Politics in the 1980s
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This article reconsiders the nature of the National Security Doctrine (DSN) which was enunciated by the "new type" of military regimes of South America in the 1970s. The central purpose of the article is to shed light on the relationship among 1) the national security interests of the military; 2) the interests of the military in development and/or social reform; and 3) the politicization of the military, paying special attention to the cases of Chile, Argentina, Peru and Brazil.In the first section, the DSN is defined and its characteristics examined. The author distinguishes three types of the military's interest in development and/or reform: a) development and/or reform for their own sake; b) development and/or reform to strengthen the external defense; c) development and/or reform to prevent the threat to internal security.The second section analyzes the evolution of the DSN in this century. The author maintains that the DSN is an amalgam of various components and that its evolution is best understood when the changes in each component are considered. Based on this methodological proposal, the author traces the development of the DSN. Regarding the connection between external security and socioeconomic development and/or reform, the military became aware of it before World War II. With respect to the relationship between internal security and socioeconomic development and reform, it was not until the late 1950s that this link was fully understood and incorporated in the DSN as part of its professional tenets, although anticommunism existed in the military since the first decades of this century and some military precursors stressed this connection. From the late 1950s on most military officers accepted socioeconomic development and/or reform as a means necessary to prevent a revolution. However, they did not consider a revolution to be a legitimate demonstration of the suffering people but to be a movement of the masses instigated by "International Communism."In light of the foregoing discussion, the third section reviews Alfred Stepan's thesis of "New Professionalism" and some historians' critiques of that thesis. These historians argue that the Brazilian military's interest in socioeconomic development and the maintenance of public order was already present well before World War II. The author stresses that, in general, these two areas of interest were not seen by the military officers to have a causal relationship; and that the role played by the armed forces in internal security was usually not regarded as proper to their profession. Moreover, the military's proclivity to intervene in politics before World War II was not a result of their concern for internal security. At the end of the article, the author criticizes some aspects of Alfred Stepan's original thesis.
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