Studies on the Development of Closed Ecological Recirculating Aquaculture System (CERAS) IV. A Long term Feeding Experiment with <I>Oreochromis niloticus</I> in the Fish rearing Closed Tank
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A long-term feeding experiment with tilapia, <I>Oreochromis niloticus</I>, in a fish-rearing closed tank (air-tight tank) with an O<SUB>2</SUB>/CO<SUB>2</SUB> exchange unit was conducted to establish a closed ecological recirculating aquaculture system (CERAS). In this experiment, with the exception of evaporation/condensation to/from the air, and of use for water analysis, the water was not changed. The experiment was conducted for 189 days at 28°C with two other open tank systems having different experimental conditions respectively. One was exchanged rearing water (control tank) and the other minimized water exchanges (open tank). Fish density was adjusted every three weeks and fish fed a commercial diet daily. The water qualities, NH<SUB>4</SUB>-N, NO<SUB>2</SUB>-N and NO<SUB>3</SUB>-N were periodically monitored. Dissolved oxygen (DO), flow rate and pH were continuously recorded by a personal computer. The biofilter holding the bacterial community from an established tilapia aquarium (cultured for one month before the experiment) was effective to nitrify ammonia to nitrate. Thus, toxic ammonia and nitrite in the water were negligible, while nitrate increased by the end of experiment (over 450mg NO<SUB>3</SUB>-N/1). Replacement of the O<SUB>2</SUB>/CO<SUB>2</SUB> exchange unit was required four times because of decreasing DO and water flow during this experiment.<BR>In this closed system, tilapia showed normal growth and high feed efficiency compared with the recirculating open tank under a high concentration of NO<SUB>3</SUB>-N over the 189-day period. After the experiment, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in the closed system were calculated; 38.2% of N and 50.7% of P in the diet supplied were retained as fish growth; 3.4% of N and 38.5% of P were removed from the system as solid waste; and 49.3% of N and 1.4% of P were accumulated in the rearing-water.
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