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Butyl P-hydroxybenzoate (BP), widely used as a preservative for foods, drugs, and cosmetics, has been known to easily bind to surfactant micelles, and it has been also pointed out that its antimicrobial activity is reduced in nonionic surfactant solution.Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of BP in the colloidal system was studied in relation to its solubilization behavior by nonionic surfactant. The equilibrium dialysis technique was used to determine both the concentration of BP solubilized (bound) within surfactant micelles and that the free (unbound) state.We found that the antimicrobial activity of BP in combination with various nonionic suractants differed according to the type of microorganisms. The concentration of free (unbound) BP contributed its antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, while the total concentration of BP added to the system contributed its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.These phenomena were well related to the lowering of the cloud point of surfactant due to the addition of BP; the more hydophodic the added surfactant, the more the interaction between the polyoxyethylene chain of surfactant and BP.The addition of glycols, inorganic salts, amino acids, or polar oils to this system, was found to change the antimicrobial activity of BP and the solubilized state. Owing to the salting-in effect, glycols were found to strengthen the antimicrobial activity of BP due to the increase of its free concentration and the raise of the cloud point of surfactant. However, inorganic salts or amino acids were found to decrease the antimicrobial activity of BP by reducing its free concentration and by lowering the cloud point of surfactant due to the salting-out effect.On the other hand, the addition of some polar oils was found to decrease the antimicrobial activity of BP by reducing its free concentration, however raising the cloud point of surfactant. It is considered that the addition of polar oils contributes to move the solubilization locus of BP within surfactant micelles from the polyoxyethylene mantle to the hydrophobic core.
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