Chinese Students Abroad, with Emphasis upon the United States:Flows of People across National Boundaries in an Internationalizing World
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概要
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China, under its "four modernizations" policy now sends increasingly large numbers of students to Western countries and Japan, in order to train the talent necessary to promote science and technology in the shortest possible time. According to a Chinese report, nearly forty thousand students went abroad in the period from 1978 to 1983, half of whom went to the United States. The U. S. Institute of International Education reported that in the year 1985-86 alone, 13, 908 Chinese students, excluding visiting scholars and researchers, were studying in that country, making them the seventh largest group. The number represented an increase of 38.4 percent over the previous year, the, highest rate of increase for any country. It was only in 1978 that educational exchanges between China and the U. S. were reactivated.Based on several surveys of Chinese students at U. S. institutions of higher education, the following features are characteristic of the current situation in the U. S.:(a) Chinese students with J-1 visas, namely, students sent by the Chinese government, are concentrated at a number of leading universities, reflecting Chinese government policy, whereas privately funded students with F-1 visas are scattered at many different institutions.(b) Half of the Chinese students have actually been professors and researchers. This is because the Chinese government at the beginning placed more emphasis on sending mid-career teachers and researchers; but in the 1980s increasingly more graduate students are being sent overseas.(c) Of total expenses for J-1 visa students and scholars, 41 percent have been incurred by the Chinese government and 36 percent by U. S. host institutions. Recently, the Chinese government has been decreasing its share. It is now more favorably disposed toward sending students on private funds as an important means of training. But among privately funded students, there is tendency to stay on in the U. S. after completion of one's study, thus creating the danger of a brain drain.(d) Because the "four modernizations" policy is the basis for sending Chinese students abroad, it is natural that these students have been concentrated in the natural sciences and engineering. Recently, however, the Chinese government, realizing that modernization requires the training of talent in wider areas, has become more positive about sending students in the social sciences and management.
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