A Human Cranium of the Yayoi Period from the Hinata-I Cave Site, Yamagata Prefecture.
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概要
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A human cranium was excavated at the Hinata-I cave site, Takenomori, Takahata-cho, Yamagata Prefecture in 1955 (Fig. 1). It was dated at about 2, 000 B.P., which corresponds to phase II of the Yayoi period. Dr. Hisashi SUZUKI, professor emeritus of the University of Tokyo, determined that this cranium was that of an adult female (KASHIWAGURA and KATO, 1959).The Hinata cranium was confirmed, based on macroscopic examination, to be a young female adult in her early twenties because there was no bony fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis or main cranial sutures. The cranium was measured following MARTIN'S methods (KNUSSMANN, 1988). The measurement data of the Hinata and the three population samples it was compared to are given in Table 1. The presence or absence data of cranial nonmetric traits, using the criteria of DODO (1972, 1974), are listed in Table 2.The glabella and supraciliary arch do not protrude. The nasal part of the frontal bone is flat and somewhat wide. The temporal lines and supramastoid ridge are not developed. Although external occipital protuberance is not prominent, the highest nuchal lines are perceptible. Bone erosion is seen in the articular tubercle anterior to the mandibular fossa. The cranial lengthbreadth index was classified as dolichocrany and the basi-bregmatic height is high (139mm). The supraorbital foramen is present only on the right side, and the bridging of the hypoglossal canal did not exist on either side.The measurements and indices of the Hinata cranium were compared with those of three female cranial series, the Tsukumo Jomon (KIYONO and MIYAMOTO, 1926), the Doigahama Yayoi, who are considered to be the immigrant Yayoi people (KANASEKI et al., 1960), and the Kanto Modern Japanese (MITSUHASHI, 1958), as listed in Table 1. PENROSE's shape distances were calculated based on 11 cranial measurements excluding the median sagittal arc. The Hinata is closer to the Doigahama Yayoi (0.41) and the Modern Japanese (0.39) than to the Tsukumo Jomon (0.84).Table 3 shows the sagittal parieto-occipital index (28:27) in the Hinata, the 3 females series, and a female Ainu series. BENEVOLENSKAYA (1980) pointed out that the northern Mongoloids have high values of this index whereas the indices of the southeast Asian and European are low. Both the Hinata and Tsukumo Jomon have low values of the index, whereas the Modern Japanese have a high value. The index of the Ainu, being higher than that of the Jomon, is as high as those of the northern Asian, which lends more interest to the origin of the Ainu.The Hinata cranium is closer to the Modern Japanese and Doigahama Yayoi than to the Tsukumo Jomon, based on distance analysis, but also has Jomon characteristics such as the sagittal parieto-occipital index.
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