Factors of "Speck" disorder of grape appeared on the stage II of berry growth.
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The necrotic disorders of"Speck"and"Shrink"on berries of grape appear during the Stage II of berry growth. The factors of"Speck"symptoms were studied in this paper.<BR>When the solution of eosin Y was introduced into the berries through the rachises by pressure, "Speck"-like symptoms on the berries appeared abundantly within 20 min. The numbers of"Speck"symptoms did not correspond to the duration of the treatment but to the intensity of pressure. Comparing the numbers of"Speck"after the pressure treatment, the highest number was observed on'Muscat of Alexandria', followed by'Pizzutero Bianco', 'Kyoho', 'Pione' and'Takao', while the cultivars with limited numbers of symptoms were'Himrod', 'Muscat Bailey A', 'Early Steuben'and'Hiro Humburg'. This result was fairly well corresponding to the nature of the occurrence of"Speck"berries on the grapevines in vineyards.<BR>To understand the effects of soil moisture on the occurrence of"Speck", watering to the grapevines in greenhouses was controlled. The occurrence of"Speck"was supposed to respond to the change of water potential of berries, but the relationship between the amount of watering and the numbers of"Speck"was obscure, because most of them appeared abruptly in a specific few days, independently from watering.<BR>As the drastic change of water potential was supposed to be a cause of physical destruction of the tissue, watering to the grapevines was controlled under the soil culture in the restricted rhizosphere and under the hydroponic culture."Speck"occurred more readily under the condition that the soil moisture was greatly fluctuated."Speck"was reduced under the high suction of the soil moisture, and temporary reduced when the water absorption was limited by application of polyethyleneglycol to the medium of hydroponic culture. Also, when water potential of the berries at early morning was lowered by enhancing evaporation from leaves through lighting the vines all night long, the numbers of"Speck"were seemed to be reduced.<BR>These results showed that the cause of"Speck"is not attributable to the deficiency of water, but rather to the excess of it through night. The observation supports the hypothesis that the increased sap pressure ascending from evening to early morning destroy the pericarp tissues nearby the broken peripheral vascular bundles, and the destroyed tissues aggregate and result in a cavity by the diurnal changes of water potential.<BR>Therefore, it would be better to limit watering to the grapevines before and over the period from 35 to 45 days after blooming, when"Speck"are abruptly prevailed.
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