Giant Retailing in Japan and the United States Compared
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概要
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The retailing industry has gone through a tremendous transformation since World War II. During this period it has become an increasingly important part of the total national economy, as the economy shifted from secondary to tertiary industry. However, as the general prosperity and growth of the postwar period gave way to the increasingly competitive and uncertain economy of the 1970s and 1980s in the United States (and the early 1990s in Japan), the organization of giant retailing began to become more competitive and unstable as well. Throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, there was a general decline in profitability in the industry, due to increasing costs and development of various discounting formats in the U. S. In Japan, a slowdown in income growth under Heisei Depression has increased competitive pressure on retail firms. Some of them, especially small or midium-sized firms have responded to this change by developing various discounting formats. But future structure of giant retailing in Japan is not yet certain.In this article we compared the basic structural and behavioral characteristics of giant retailing in Japan and the United States. We set points of our comparative study on, a) the historical emergence of giant retailing, (In Japan, a few large department stores were the only modern and well-organized retail firms until the mid-1960s. Most of giant retail firms except department stores were established in the late 1960s.)b) historical changes of giant retail firms which are considered as being composed of a retail portfolio of various retail formats, (In sharp contrast to Japan, discount store is a growing subset of the retail trade sector in the U. S.)c) pattern of firm growth.d) diffusion process of point-of-sales systems as a technological innovation, (Customers [for price removal from individual items] and the labor union [for resulting in enormous labor savings] both resisted the introduction of scanners in the U. S.)e) the development of diversification innovations, (During the last 30 years, giant retail firms have followed a diversification strategy of expanding into new geographic and product markets. However, their conglomeration strategy was unsuccessful in both countries.) andf) changes of labor conditions since 1980s.
- 産業学会の論文
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