TIME VARIATION OF WATER TEMPERATURE IN LAKE BIWA-KO (VI):Extraordinary change of temperature caused by the typhoon
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The drastic changes of water temperature were caused by the typhoon on August 15, 1970 in Lake Biwa-ko, Honshu, Japan. Based upon those changes, the water movement in the northern basin and especially the exchange of water mass between the northern and the southern basins have been deduced as follows : <BR>1. Periodic fluctuation (4-hr period) of temperature, which has been found to be accompanied with the seiche, at the pier station of Biwa-ko Ohashi Bridge suggests that the horizontal gradient if temperature in the upper layer takes an opposite direction to that in the lower layer (Fig. 4). Therefore, a remarkable depression of temperature in the evening of Aug. 15 shows a northward flow of the upper layer and a southward flow of the lower layer. <BR>2. As the amplitude ratio of the water temperature to the lake level is constant (Fig. 5), the horizontal gradient of temperature has a consistent value of 0.53°C /100 m. The flow velocity in the upper layer is calculated at about 6 cm/sec, on the basis of the amount of temperature depression. The velocity in the lower layer may be the estimated at 35 cm/sec, with the water balance considered (Table 2). <BR>3. A longitudinal internal seiche in the northern basin is suggested from the fact that the time variation of temperature has a period of about 2 days in Shiozu Bay (Fig. 3). The transverse distribution of temperature shows Coriolis effect on the above-mentioned internal seiche (Table 1). <BR>4. The extraordinary depression of temperature at the pier station has been attributed to an intrusion of the deep water from the northern basin into the lower layer of the southern basin, followed by an upwelling of the lower water after an hour.
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