高須輪中における株井戸の歴史地理的考察
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概要
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1. The delta plain of Nobi, one of the great delta plains in Japan, extends at the head of Bay of Ise and is formed by three rivers named the Kiso, the Nagara and the Ibi. These rivers run in braided streams on the delta, forming many islands like areas surrounded by their natural levees in the former times. These islands like areas had been developed into "Wadju", the enclosed areas with a complete set of levees through adding artificial levees and modification of their river courses. Takasu Wadju, the biggest one located in the middle of the plain, was studied on the development of "Kabu-Ido" as they called, authorized artesian wells for irrigation by the community. The details of natural relief of the Wadju are as following: It has 0-3 meters in height above sealevel and is higher in the northeast portion (more than one meter high) and lower in the south-west portion (less than one meter high), contrasting each other. 2. Due to the recent land improvement taken place after World War II the labor productivity of rice agriculture has considerably been raised by means of water control enabled by mechanized pumping facilities for both irrigation and drainage. In the former times it was usual that the higher portion of the area had been suffered from drought and at the same time the lower portion from flooding. In addition to this, frequent break-downs of the levees by river floods had brought many difficulties to the inhabitants. For these accounts they made great efforts to bore artesian wells to get underground water for rice-fields and domestic use on the higher portion, while the people of the lower, always suffered from too much water, had continued to stabilize rice production by constructing "Horiageda" as they called, through lifting rice-field level higher with mud dug out. As the artesian wells on the higher portion increased its number the increased amount of water discharged to the lower area intensified damages to rice plants due to deep water. It is natural that a dispute on the development of artesian wells had arisen between the inhabitants of the lower area and the higher, because the interest of artesian wells was entirely against each other. As the result of negotiation, a compromise was reached with the following terms that the people of the lower area recognized those wells already established as the authorized wells with some limitations, so called as "Kabu-Ido" on one side, and the people of the higher portion who had obtained benefit from those wells would pay charge for maintaining drainage canal and for improving its capacity as a compensation for the dis- charged water. From this viewpoint "Kabu-Ido" is considered as a kind of social system of water utilization created on the opposition and contradiction of their interests conserning the irrigation water originated from artesian wells and its discharge among the inhabitants. This contradiction was based upon differences in height of the area. 3. The introduction of artesian wells into the Wadju area was at the earliest period of 19 century. It was the beginning of dispute when they bored many wells to get water at the great drought in 1852-1853 on the higher portion. The numbers of artesian wells were recorded so many as to attain to 484 in 1854, according to the investigation of Kasamatsu office belonging to the Central Government of Tokugawa which administered the works of irrigation. In negotiation among the inhabitants they agreed to set an investigation period extending over six years in order to examine whether these wells were to be continued or abolished. Against to their expectation, it was favorable for rice production for the former three years, while it was unfavorable owing to bad weather for the latter three years.
- 日本地理学会の論文
日本地理学会 | 論文
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