Ganglioside Function in the Neuron.

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Gangliosides occur most prominently in the neuron where they comprise the major type of sialoglyconjugate in the plasma membrane. They contain one to several sialic acids and consist of a large group of molecular species divided into several families. The gangliotetraose family predominates in mature neurons. This series makes its appearance during neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, replacing the simpler structures that occur prior to differentiation. Current research suggests that gangliosides function primarily as modulators of membrane proteins, including certain enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and cell adhesion molecules. A recent example is the excitatory opioid receptor, whose activity is potentiated specifically by GM1. A number of other receptors have been shown to be associated with and modulated, either positively or negatively, by various other gangliosides. Calcium transport is affected in a bidirectional manner by GM1, and some of the trophic effects of the latter can be explained by such activity. Pronounced morphological changes--e.g., neuritogenesis, fasciculation, blockade of neurite outgrowth-- are observed in vitro on addition of gangliosides, or interventive agents which affect endogenous gangliosides. Trophic effects due to administered gangliosides are also seen in vivo but apparently via different mechanisms.
FCCA(Forum: Carbohydrates Coming of Age)の論文