Oxygen and hydrogen isotope study on the ore-forming fluid for the Kaneuchi tungsten deposit, Kyoto Prefecture
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Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of vein muscovite and host rocks, oxygen isotopic compositions of vein quartz and K-feldspar, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in vein quartz, drusy quartz, wolframite and scheelite from the Kaneuchi tungsten deposit, Kyoto Prefecture, are obtained in order to (1) examine the relation between the ore-forming fluid and the fluid equilibrated with host rocks at a low fluid/rock ratio, and (2) to obtain possible δ<SUP>18</SUP>O-δD region of the ore-forming fluid.<BR>Oxygen isotopic compositions of vein muscovite range from 11.7 to 13.8 per mil (relative to SMOW). Based on muscovite-quartz oxygen isotope temperatures and previous works, most of vein muscovites precipitated at 400°C or above (possibly up to 600°C). The oxygen isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluid show the-range from 10.4 to 13.7 per mil at 400° to 600°C. Host rocks show oxygen isotopic compositions ranging from 12.8 to 15.0 per mil. Using fluid-rock fractionation factors obtained from the bulk chemical compositions, oxygen isotopic compositions of the fluid equilibrated with host rocks at a low fluid/rock ratio are calculated at 300°to 600°C. These compositions show a good agreement with the estimated isotopic compositions of the ore-forming fluid either from vein quartz and vein muscovite.<BR>The hydrothermal fluid at the earliest stage is <SUP>18</SUP>O-enriched compared with a possible magmatic fluid, suggesting high temperature fluid-rock interaction. At the main stage of quartz mineralization, the <SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>fluid</SUB> composition is equal to the possible magmatic fluid composition. However, the temperature of the fluid at this stage is too low (350°to 400°C), requiring significant cooling of the magmatic fluid. Simple mixing of the high-temperature <SUP>18</SUP>O-enriched fluid (for the precipitation of muscovite) with the low-temperature <SUP>18</SUP>O-depleted fluid (for the precipitation of calcite) does not account for the δ<SUP>18</SUP>O<SUB>fluid</SUB> range determined from vein quartz. It is possible that the other factors, such as conductive cooling, influenced the temperature of the magmatic fluid. Otherwise, the discrepancy can be accounted for by considering fluid-rock interaction at a low fluid/rock ratio.<BR>Hydrogen isotopic compositions of vein muscovite range from -61 to -104 per mil (relative to SMOW) and those of fluid inclusions in vein quartz and drusy quartz range from -53 to -73 per mil and from -53 to -63 per mil, respectively. Calculations of the hydrogen isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal fluid at the precipitation of muscovite show the range from around -100 to -70 per mil, suggesting relatively large variation compared with the variation in δ<SUP>18</SUP>O.<BR>The hydrogen isotopic composition of the fluid from which vein and drusy quartz were deposited covers the same range as the magmatic fluid. However, the fluid responsible for muscovite precipitation is significantly depleted in deuterium. The large variation in hydrogen isotopic composition of muscovite is partly due to the temperature change of the ore-forming fluid. But the present results still suggest that the hydrothermal fluid mixed with deuterium-depleted and <SUP>18</SUP>O-enriched fluid at the earliest stage of mineralization.
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