Studies on Permeability of Lipids in Human Placenta

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It was once a matter of controversial opinions whether maternal blood lipid passed to a fetus through placenta. In experimental animals, it was definitely proved by using marker fatty acids that some fatty acids transfer certainly from a mother to the fetus. However, as to a human being, there have been published only a few studies on this problem. Then, in order to study on permeability of lipids through human placenta, maternal blood lipids were compared with umbilical blood lipids which were obtained simultaneously at birth. The materials were obtained from pregnant mothers who had been admitted to Hitachi Tokyo Hopital. Blood was withdrawn from the mother's vene and umbilical cord simultaneously at birth. Serum was separated by spinning. Fourteen pairs of normal pregnancies were used for determination of lipid fractions, 4 pairs of normal pregnancies for β-lipoprotein determination, 9-15 pairs of normal pregnancies for gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid pattern of each major lipid fraction, 8 normal and 5 toxemic pregnancies for total lipoperoxide determination, 3 normal and 2 toxemic pregnancies for determination of lipoperoxide of each major lipid fraction, and 40 normal and 9 toxemic pregnancies for serum lipoprotein patterns. The levels of every major lipid fraction were markedly increased in the maternal blood, while cholesterol ester ratio and total phospholipid (TPL) /tota lcholesterol (TC) ratio tended to be raised. In the umbilical blood, in comparison with the maternal one, TC was about 1/5, TPL 1/3, total fatty acids 1/5, triglyceride 1/6, free fatty acid 1/4 and total lipid 1/5. Cholesterol ester ratio was slightly lower in the umbilical blood, while TPL/TC ratio was 1.67 times higher in the umbilical blood than in the maternal one. Namely, the umbilical blood (serum) contains lipids in the amount of about 20% of that in the maternal one. TPL and FFA among them, however, were rather high in the umbilical blood. P-Lipoprotein in the umbilical blood was about 1/7 of the maternal one. In general, linoleic acid was lower and arachidonic acid higher in the umbilical blood than in the maternal one, especially in esterified cholesterol fraction. By finding linoleic acid, which is a so-called "essential" fatty acid, in the umbilical blood, it can be inferred that at least fatty acids can pass through the placenta. In our results, contrary to other reports, lipoperoxide contents in either the maternal or umbilical blood lipids were equal in both normal and toxemic pregnancies. The value for lipid in the umbilical blood was about 1/3 of that in the maternal one. Phospholipid fraction contained about 2/3 of total lipoperoxide either in the maternal blood or in the umbilical one, while an almost negligible amount of lipoperoxide was found in FFA fraction in both. As for serum lipoprotein pattern examined in normal pregnant women blood by the method of agarose electrophoresis, the pattern was either "type IV" or "type V" by Fredrickson's classification. In case of type V, all α-fractions were decreased, while in type IV, α1 and α2 were distinctly recognized. In most of the umbilical blood, β and α2 bands were noticed, while pre-β and α1 bands were faint. However, in about 10% of the cases, various shapes, wide or narrow, of pre-β band was distinctly noticed. However, there was no apparent difference noticed in the umbilical blood in terms of mother or baby body weight, or due to past or present history, if any, of diseases, or whether unipara or multipara and so on, between the cases with pre-β and those without pre-β.

Studies on Permeability of Lipids in Human Placenta

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