圖形描畫に於ける優位法則
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概要
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The Law of Prägnanz introduced by M. Wertheimer (<I>Psychol. Forsch.,</I> 4, 1923) means that the perceptual organizations (i. e. seen or heard etc. Gestalten) will always be as good and simple as the prevailing conditions allow. It may be called then in other words the law of good segregation or law of simplicity; and this tendency to become simple and good is not characteristic only to perception, but should be regarded as the fundamental tendency for all psychological organizations, whether it be comparatively simultaneous process as visual perception or successive one as, for instance, mental action, which will also tend to be simple or good according to its whole situation. In this way we can proceed with our study into any other psychological field, where the Law of Pragnanz proper to it will be found out.<BR>Now when we consider the process of drawing things which has already been organized by the factors of perceptual segregation, what are the conditions or factors that determine this successive process of mental action, which necessarily has to start from one part and finish in any other part, and necessarily be thought to take good and simple way? In short, what are the orders and directions of the process, and what are the characteristics in this field? We wanted to examine them by means of contour figures, as Wertheimer did, for they are the best representations of the natures of things.<BR>The experiment was executed from Feb. 1935 to Jan. 1937, in the Psychological Institute of Tokyo Imperial University, with 54 sorts of figures, and 80 psychological students as subjects. The subject, sitting at the table, was shown a contour figure drawn on a white paper of 2×19cm for 2-10sec., that was thought enough for him to understand the figure. Then, after this figures was covered, he was required to draw it with a pencil on a similar but smaller white paper.<BR>Results: (Refer the numbers of figures etc. to the Japanese text.)<BR>I. Our drawing process as a sort of mental action has general and common tendencies, the origin of which cannot be explained from the view point of empiricism, but must be regarded as natural and spontaneous tendencies for the process; for children under five years of age who scarcely are thought to have drawn such figures frequently or taught how to draw them, do almost the same as the adult. (chap. I. & IX.)<BR>II. The segregations of the process of drawing are primarily subjected to Wertheimer's factors of perception (1. proximity 2. equality 3. good continuation 4. closure 5. good shape), that is, figures are drawn as they are seen; although there are many deviations from them in this field, and in fact it is very easy even to segregate voluntarily the process againt the spontaneous orders, which in perception is very difficult to change. (chap. I, Fig. 1-8)<BR>III. A drawing process as a successive action, moreover, segregates naturally according to its special law of segregation, in which the part drawn at first plays the rôle of anchorage and becomes the base, and the parts done subsequently are localized in relation to the former. Thus we can find the fundamental natures which make the superior parts as they are, and can call them the factors of Prägnanz in the drawing process.<BR>Considering the structure of our hands and the natures of objects, we can count the factors as follows:<BR>A. Factors of Spatial Orders. (chap. II. Fig. A, B. & 9-21, Tab. II-VII.) a) Upper side is superior to lower side. b) Left side is to right side (vice versa with left-handers). There are seen not only with straight lines, but also with separate figures; not only with the directions of strokes of parts, but also with those of the whole figures. These a) and b) are said to be the phisiolomechanical factors. c) Nearer (this) side is superior to further (that) side.
- 公益社団法人 日本心理学会の論文