生活様式論再考
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概要
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The concept of “modes of life” was introduced into geography simultaneously with the biological method of study. F. Ratzel had already referred to it as “Lebensform”. However, it was Vidal de la Blache who added to this “life form” a historical meaning and applied it to human activities. After him, it has been one of the basic concept for the French School of Geography. It may be compared with “Landschaft” (landscape) of German geographers. The concept of “Landschaft” is, in a sense, related to visual method of study, while “modes of life” refers to functional method.During the Classical Period of the French School, “modes of life” was used as synthetic and descriptive concept, but the nature of it was not discussed very much. In the New Period of the French School (after 1930s), analytic and systematic tendencies have become influential. So that “regions” are considered as political and economic systems. Then, “modes of life” is expected to be analytical concept. After 1940s, French geographers took adequate considerations in this concept.We examined some books and articles which comment on this concept. The authors are: J. Gottmann, M. Sorre, A. Gibert, M. Le Lannou, P. George, P. Gourou, D. Faucher, and G. Friedmann. Among them, M. Sorres opinion is the most comprehensive. He tries to conform the classical meaning of this concept to geographical reality, defining it as “whole of practices consolidated by tradition” or “assemblages of technics”. As for rural modes of life, A. Cholleys article on agricultural structure and rural economy is the most substantial, although he does not use the term “modes of life.On the other hand, some geographers criticize those who think much of this concept. P. George is the representative among them. He insists that the mode of life is not a cause but a result, so that, it can not explain any phenomenon. We must neèds consider economic and social structure of modern society. To pursue complete description is not so important, but to get a satisfactory explanation by “economic and social structure” is essentially important.At any rate, M. Sorre makes researches in “modes of life” rather inductively, while P. George investigates it deductively. Geographical explanation is not a simple description nor a mechanical formulation. We may follow the definition by M. Sorre, but the historical point of view must not be neglected. Applying the concept. of “modes of life”, we must consider the power of human activities which can organize the spacial system of regions. We must not use the coucept as a formal term. In short, we must realize the geographical spirit of the French School which develeped the concept.
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