インド村落研究ノート : とくに19世紀における孤立・小宇宙的村落観の形成とその崩壊をめぐって

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The study of Indian village community has a long history. We can mark off its history into the following three periods.The First Period (through the nineteenth century) …… The establishment of the study by English revenue officers and the formation of microscopic views.The Second Period (first half of the twentieth century) …… Owing to the worsening of agrarian conditions, with such as the frequent occurence of famines and economic depression, there was a shift of research topic towards the survey of actual economic situations in a given village.The Third Period (since Independence) …… Traditional views of the isolated and microscopic village community were declared as a myth and there was an opening of further research into a wider inter-village network through the use of field research and historical documents.The present article deals mainly with the first period. It has two objects. Firstly, by means of a critical review of the literature and records relating to Indian village communities published in the nineteenth century, I will attempt to ascertain the process whereby settlements became characterized as self-sufflcient, independent entities, or “microcosmos”. The main sources refered to, are the Report of Madras Board of Revenue (1806), The Fifth Report (1812), E. Elphinstones Report (1819) and “History of India” (1889), H. Mackenzies Minute (1819), C. Metcalfes Minute (1830), G. Campbells “Modern India” (1852), K. Marxs Articles on India (1853-55) and “Das Kapital” (1867), H. Maines “Ancient Laws” (1861) and “The Village Communities in the East and West” (1871), B.H. Baden-Powells “Land Systems in British India” (1892) and “Indian Village Community” (1896) and R. Dutts “Economic History of India” (1903) and so on. Through careful examination of the above literature, one is able to picture the image of the Indian village community as the economically self-sufficient, politically autonomous and isolated republican microcosmos, as it appeared by the 1820s. C. Metcalfe and G. Campbell, however, presented different views of the Indian village community. They recognized the presence of inter-village relationships in economic and political spheres and stressed the penetration of a monetary economy into village communities.Although K. Marx and H. Maine refered to and utilized G. Campbells book as source materials, they, again, confined it purposefully to an isolated microcosmos, for Indian village community must have appeared “ancient” to them. After H. Maine, the critical argument became focussed on the history of land tenure in India. The existing nature of Indian village community attracted less attentions than before. Through the last half of the nineteenth century, the general view was formed that the traditional Indian village community in the pre-British period, characterized by economic self-sufficiency and political autonomy, had been destroyed following the achievement of British dominion over India. This view, combined with the stresses which were put by Indian nationalists on their village communities, prevailed up until the beginning of the 1950s.The second object of the present article is to make clear how contemporary historians re-examined the nature of Indian village communities just before and after the British Rule over India. They found that Indian village communities at that time had a wider extension of village life than had previously been recognized, and realized the presence of wider regional ties. Three types of inter-village network are pointed out. The first is the union of certain villages based on wider economic exchange, the so-called jajmani system. The second is the economic area which supports the weekly local markets and bazaars.
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インド村落研究ノート : とくに19世紀における孤立・小宇宙的村落観の形成とその崩壊をめぐって

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