Astrocyte Calcium Signaling Transforms Cholinergic Modulation to Cortical Plasticity In Vivo
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Global brain state dynamics regulate plasticity in local cortical circuits, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that astrocyte Ca2+ signaling provides a critical bridge between cholinergic activation, associated with attention and vigilance states, and somatosensory plasticity in mouse barrel cortex in vivo. We investigated first whether a combined stimulation of mouse whiskers and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), the principal source of cholinergic innervation to the cortex, leads to enhanced whisker-evoked local field potential. This plasticity is dependent on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs). During the induction of this synaptic plasticity, we find that astrocytic [Ca2+] is pronouncedly elevated, which is blocked by mAChR antagonists. The elevation of astrocytic [Ca2+] is crucial in this type of synaptic plasticity, as the plasticity could not be induced in inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 knock-out (IP3R2-KO) mice, in which astrocytic [Ca2+] surges are diminished. Moreover, NBM stimulation led to a significant increase in the extracellular concentration of the NMDAR coagonist d-serine in wild-type mice when compared to IP3R2-KO mice. Finally, plasticity in IP3R2-KO mice could be rescued by externally supplying d-serine. Our data present coherent lines of in vivo evidence for astrocytic involvement in cortical plasticity. These findings suggest an unexpected role of astrocytes as a gate for cholinergic plasticity in the cortex.
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- Astrocyte Calcium Signaling Transforms Cholinergic Modulation to Cortical Plasticity In Vivo