学校・貨幣・都市-ジンメル「大都会と精神生活」から見る学校とそのコミュニティとしての性格-
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The purpose of this paper is to reveal the similarities and differences between modem educational system - and its constituents - and urban space of modernity through considering an essay of German sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel (1858-1918): ‘Metropolis and Mental Life’ (‘Die Groβstadte und das Geistesleben’ 1903) , in order to delineate the paradoxical composition of modern school and educational system which, this paper argues, underlies the contemporary educational crisis. The essay is quite well-known in urban studies but rarely discussed in educational contexts because it does not touch any educational affairs. This paper shows his essay on metropolis has fruitful potential insights into modern education, if it is re-Iocated in educational discourses and history.Simmel characterizes the metropolitan individual as a ‘blase attitude’ (die Blasiertheit) and the mental attitude of the people of metropolis as a ‘reserve with its overtone of concealed aversion’ (diese Reserviertheit mit dem Oberton versteckter Aversion), and he points out these characteristics share similarities with money economy in terms of ‘its colorlessness and its indifferent quality’ and ‘a common denominator of all values’. The ‘blasé attitude’ and ‘reserve with its overtone of concealed aversion’ can be found commonly in school, and the metaphor of ‘money economy’ has been heavily used by various writers to describe modern education and its problems. This paper explains this similarity between Simmel’s characterizations of metropolis and educational discourses are not surface, rhetorical level, but modern metropolis and educational system have shared common social and historical contexts and values, so that their discourses become similar.This paper also shows the differences between modern educational system and metropolis. Simmel contrasts the metropolis with the rural, but the modern educational system which has common historical context with metropolis has incorporated the character of rural ‘community’ - which is contraposed with ‘association’ - in the course of its development and national-level institutionalization, especially in Japan. The dual – metropolitan and rural - characteristics of modern school and educational system produce paradoxical situations of contemporary educational crisis and problems.
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