Evidence for a role of basal ganglia in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep by electrical and chemical stimulation for the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in decerebrate cats
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.028The present study was to determine how afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) of the basal ganglia to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the brainstem could contribute to the control of behavioral states. We used anesthetized and acutely decerebrated cats (n=22). Repetitive electrical stimulation (10–100 Hz, 20–50 μA, for 4–20 s) to the ventrolateral part of the PPN produced rapid eye movement (REM) associated with a suppression of postural muscle tone (REM with atonia). Although repetitive electrical stimuli (10–200 Hz, 10–60 μA, for 5–20 s) delivered to the dorsolateral part of the SNr did not evoke eye movements or muscular tonus in baseline conditions, it altered the PPN-induced REM with atonia. The following three types of effects were induced: (1) attenuation of the REM with atonia; (2) attenuation of muscular atonia without changes in REM (REM without atonia); and (3) attenuation of only REM. The optimal stimulus sites for these effects were intermingled within the lateral part of the SNr. The PPN-induced REM with atonia was abolished by an injection into the PPN of muscimol (1–15 mM, 0.1–0.25 μl), a GABAA receptor agonist, but not altered by an injection of baclofen (1–10 mM, 0.1–0.25 μl), a GABAB receptor agonist. Moreover, an injection of bicuculline (1–15 mM, 0.1–0.25 μl), a GABAA receptor antagonist, into the PPN, resulted in REM with atonia. On the other hand, an injection of muscimol into the dorsolateral part of the SNr (1–15 mM, 0.1–0.25 μl) induced REM with atonia, which was in turn eliminated by a further injection of muscimol into the PPN (5–10 mM, 0.2–0.25 μl). These results suggest that a GABAergic projection from the SNr to the PPN could be involved in the control of REM with atonia, signs which indicate REM sleep. An excessive GABAergic output from the basal ganglia to the PPN in parkinsonian patients may induce sleep disturbances, including a reduction of REM sleep periods and REM sleep behavioral disorders (REM without atonia).
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