Dhadeki-Salhapurの農業(1) : 北インド農村の社会と文化(5)

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The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the ethnography of traditional agriculture in a north Indian village as one of the preliminary steps towards an analysis of the social structure. The unit of the agricultual management is the family of Jat (dominant caste). The system does not fit neatly into the strict peasant category, since each Jat family employes a Chamar (a scheduled agricultural labourer caste member) as the long-term or hereditary labourer whose family subsistene is barely payed by the Jat. Village population is divided into the employing dominant caste and the employed non-dominant castes. The division is perpetuated by the area-limitation (less than 2 ha.) of the non-dominant castes' ill-equipped family kharif horticulture, far below the lowest margin of the cattled rabi agriculture (more than 3 ha.) of the dominant caste. Fertilizing methods are the customary green-manuring and institutionalized human excrements utilization. Long-term fixed-pay employment is complemented with short- term piecework contracts which are observed predominantly during the harvest seasons. Patternd cereal-legumen mixed sowing is practiced to ensure the yiels and to fertilize the soil. Vegetable gardens, orchards and dofassil cultivation are negilible in comparison with the kharif and rabi cereal agriculture. Kharif harvest takes place over uncharacteristically long period. Bajra and jowar are sown extensively mixed with urd. A largerarea of the millets is cut out at an immature stage for cattle fodder. Paddy is cultivated without transplantation in tiny damp fields irregularly submerged. When harvested, kharif is threshed by hand throwing. Rabi fields are of wheat or wheat mixed with either barley or peas. Preparatory ploughing is the lower of the two rabi labour peaks. The higher and the more characteristic peak is the rabi harvest through which non-dominant castes families obtain at least more than half of their annual subsistence. Because of the serious labour shortage, respective Jat are oblized to recruite the rabi harvest worker team every evening for the next day according the area to be harvested. The labourers are employed from almost all the non-dominant castes. Cattle tread threshing and wind selection are carried out at khaliyan around the settlement. The cropped area estimate below based on the hypothetical random operation of the traditional crop rotation patterns agrees well with qualitative ethnographic information. Modal management area per Jat family is 4.5 ha., of which a little more than half is given over to kharif. Fallow area occupies nearly 40% during both kharif and rabi. Major crops are wheat (rabi) and bajra-jowar (kharif). Considered as the proper cereal, wheat is cultivated relatively intensively. Millets are secondary crops to maintain the wheat ploughing cattle set, partly consumed as the seasonal meal of the wheat harvest laboures. Non-dominant castes operate the small scale kharif horticulture, when opportunity is offered to supply their subsistence gap.
信州大学人文学部の論文
1985-03-05

Dhadeki-Salhapurの農業(1) : 北インド農村の社会と文化(5)

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