日本における美術解剖学

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In the Renaissance of the l5th century in ltaly, When realism began to prevail over the artistic world，such artists as Leonardo da Vinci，Michelangelo and Raffaello Santi attended to human anatomy with keen interest as a means to regenerate the exact outline of human body in their canvases or in marble．The use of human anatomy for plastic arts came into the world all at once in ltaly. These artists not only studied anatomy but actually dissected human bodies with surgical knives which was an un heard-of occurrence in the long history of anatomy．This was called Anatomia artistjca or Anatomia pittorica in later years.Though the outbreak of art anatomy originated in the realistic approach to all things，this phenomenon did not come into existence in the East where realism was not so predominant．This essay deals with the historical Japanese views of art anatomy as expressed in their publications and the successive teachers engaged in teaching the subject at Tokyo Bijutsu　Gakko ( later Tokyo National Universityof Fine Arts and Music ) from the Meiji period up until the present time．Looking back upon the early days when art anatomy was known to the artistic world in Japan, we must remember Kinkichiro Honda ( 1850～1921 ) who first taught about it to the pubils at "Shōgido"，a private art school in Tokyo in the 13th year of the Meiji era ( i.e.l880 ) ．Honda had a good knowledge of English and enjoyed reading the books on art which his respected teacher Shinkuro Kunisawa ( 1847～1877 ) had brought from England.Honda lectured on art anatomy in translating "Anatomy of the human figure" by Henry Warren ( 1784～1879 ) contained in the Winsor and Newton’s series of Hand-Books on Art vol.Ⅱ，Winsor and Newton，London，1856.What Honda taught to the pupils was nothing more than a repetition of Henry Warren's words，but it was a landmark in the spread of art anatomy because he was a pioneer in the field．The first formal education of art anatomy in Japan started at Kōbu Bijutsu Gakko，a government art school founded in November l876 and abolished in January l883. Kyōhei Tamakoshi，an anatomist at Tokyo university，began to teach anatomy two times a week for art students from January in the 14th year of the Meiji era ( i.e.l881 ) ．What he faught remains unknown；however，it’s quite conceivable that he explained mainly the structure of the human body ( osteology and musculature ) ，to the art students without mentioning the relationship to the plastic arts.After the abolition of Kōbu Bijutsu Gakko, Tokyo Bijutsu Gakko ( later Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music ) was founded in February l889. With the opening of the school,Sadayuki Goto ( 1849～1903 ) ，an expert on horses，began teaching art anatomy on the recommendation of Kōun Takamura ( 1852～1934 ) ，a famous sculptor at that time．Goto was formerly a warrior of wakayama clan and had been absorbed in studying horses since he was a cavalry soldier.He first taught horse anatomy and then human anatomy to the students.Though he knew well of horses in general，he must have lacked a technical knowledge of them.Consequently he looked to the technical books on horses and human anatomy for help．Goto taught the subject in the 23rd year of the Meiji era ( i.e.1889 ) and in the 28th year of the same era ( i.e.l895 ) for only two years at irregular intervals．After Goto,Rintaro Mori ( alias Ōgai Mori,1862～1922 ) ,an army surgeon and an eminent writer，took charge of the lecture and began teaching the subject from September in the 24th year of the Meiji era ( i.e.l891 ) until 27th year of the same era ( i.e.l894 ) for about three years．Mori had an excellent knowledge of Ｇerman and looked for reference books on art anatomy at home and abroad before teaching. What he found most useful was the book entitled "Plastische Anatomie des Menschlichen Körpers.Ein Handbuch für Künstler and Kunst freude,Verlag von veit & comp，1889",written by J.Kollmann，a professor of anatomy at Basel university in Switzerland. Mori proceeded with his lecture based on this book.He left part-time service in the 28th year of the Meiji era ( i.e.l895 ) and resumed his office in March of the following year. Instead of teaching art anatomy, he began to teach aethetics and the history of art at this time．In April in the 29th year of the Meiji era (i.e.l896 ) ，Keiichiro Kume ( 1866～1934 ) ,a son of the famous historian Kunitake Kume, was employed as a teacher of archeology and art anatomy on the recommendation of Seiki Kuroda ( 1866～1924 ) ，then a professor of Western-style painting Kuroda was Kume’s best friend，and both of them studied together in Paris. Kume taught not only these subjects but design and French as well.In July in the l9th year of the Meiji era ( i.e.1888 ) ,Kume left Yokohama for France to study Western painting and returned home in June in the 25th year of the same era ( i.e.1893 ) ,after staying in France for about seven years. In Paris while studying drawing under Raphael Collin at l'académie Colarossi，he attended a night school of École des beaux-arts ( nowadays École National Superieure des beaux-arts ) two times a week to learn perspective and anatomy under Prof.Mathias Duval ( 1844～1907 ) .Kume was not only a stern teacher but a devotee of anatomy. He was so keen on teaching anatomy that he often took his students to Tokyo university to demonstrate anatomy in person. On top of that，he speedily installed a dissecting room on the campus，making his students draw hands and feet of the dead bodies dissected by an assistant sent there from Tokyo university．Sometimes students participated in dissecting human bodies. Kume's teaching method was more practical than mere theory. Though he was not a qualified anatomist，he was quite a competent teacher. As a popular professor he taught art anatomy for more than 30 years and retired from office in March in the l5th year of the Taisho ( i.e.l926 ) ．While Kume was in office，a commoner named Shūnjiro Arai from Saitama prefecture taught anatomy in the year of the Meiji 30s. Also,theex-warrior named Seichi Tani from Tochigi prefecture taught anatomy in the year of the Meiji 40s．When resigning his office，Kume put Masaaki Nishida ( 1901～1987 ) in charge of art anatomy. Nishida majored in Western-style painting at Tokyo Bijutsu Gakko and graduated from the school with honour. While in school he took Kume's lessons for two years. Kume was faithful to the French academism but，Nishida differed in his approach to art anatomy，contrary to his respected teacher.Nishida paid attention to the latent movement of NO-masks，the style of stone images and the forms of human faces from the point of art anatomy.In a way what he was concerned about was morphology. He wrote more than 250 long and short articles for newspapers and magazines until "Bijutsu Kaibogaku Ronko" ( 『美術解剖学論攷』 ) was published by Seibishobo publishing Co.,in January in the l9th year of Showa ( i.e.1944 ) ．Nishida showed his interest in human aethetics with theater going or visiting old temples or shrines. He was in his position for 43 years at Tokyo Bijutsu GakKo or Tokyo National University of Fine arts and Music and left the service in March in the 44th year of Showa ( i.e.1969 ) ．In December in the following year，he established "Bijutsu Kaibogaku Kenkyukai ( i.e. Society for art anatomy ) and was elected as president. After leaving the school he got a job at Bunka Fukuso Gakuin ( later Bunka Women's university ) and lectured on "human aesthetics" to the students until he resigned his post in March in the 56th year of Showa ( i.e.1981 ) .Kiho Nakamura ( 1921～2002 ) succeeded Nishida in his post. Soon after graduating from Ōsaka Kōgei Gakko，he entered the school for cavalry soldiers and departed for the front in China after graduation. When demobilized in Spring in the 21st year of Showa ( i.e.1946 ) ，he entered Tokyo Bijutsu Gakko and graduated from the school in the 25th year of Showa ( i.e.1950 ) ．Later he became a research worker at the school of medicine of Tokyo university. In the 42nd year of Showa ( i.e.1967 )he entered the service of Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku ( i.e.Tokyo National University of Fine arts and Music ) as a lecturer. Subsequently he was promoted to professorship．Nakamura's subject matter was feminine beauty. He discussed the forms or the beauty of feminine bodies and published quite a few books on his observations of living bodies. In the first year of the Heisei ( i.e.l989 ) , he resigned his post due to retirement．Nakamura's successor was Akira Takahashi ( 1932～ ) ，who was educated at the science faculty of Tokyo university. Later he worked for Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku ( Nowadays Tsukuba university ) as a teacher of anatomy for physical culture．In the Spring of in the 64th year of Showa ( i.e.1989 ) ，he was employed at Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku as professor. In July in the 6th year of the Heisei ( i.e.1994 ) ，"Bijutsu Kaibo Gakkai" ( i.e.Society of art anatomy ) was established with him as leader. He is also known for publishing primers for art anatomy. Many members throughout all the branches of art，medicine and human engeering joined the society．After Takahashi resigned his post in March in the 6th year of the Heisei ( i.e.l994 ) , Akio Yamauchi took his place. Yamauchi is every inch an anatomist and has translated lots of technical books but due to retirement he left the school this year.Nowadays studies of art anatomy in Japan are centered in the seminar of Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku with excellent assistants and an anatomist such as Dr.Michiyo Miyanaga，Yoshio lto and Dr.Sakurai as leader. Art anatomy in Japan will prosper here after as a learning of human figures being based on human anatomy.

日本における美術解剖学

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