Effects of ambient pressure on Cu Kα X-ray radiation with millijoule and high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser

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Hard Cu Kα X-ray radiation was generated with a millijoule and high-repetition-rate Ti: sapphire laser in air, helium or vacuum (2.7–1.3×104 Pa) ambient. The characteristic X-ray was obtained by focusing the 0.06–1.46 mJ/pulse, 100 fs, 1 kHz repetition femtosecond laser onto a solid copper target to a spot 4.8 μm in diameter. The relationship between Kα X-ray conversion efficiency and atmospheric conditions was explained with a simple electron collision model that suggested that the electron mean free path is an important parameter in the generation of ultrafast pulsed X-rays in any ambient condition. We also demonstrated a high-intensity X-ray source working in helium at atmospheric pressure.