徂徠・尊徳・弘之における倫理・政治の三層構造 ―西洋近代の社会倫理と儒教的環境思想の結合―
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本稿は，現代の環境倫理学の方法にもとづいて，環境危機をもたらした西洋近代文明の基礎をなす自然観の構造を，プラトニズムを通して，明らかにし，これと比較して，自然環境を良く保持していた我が国の江戸時代の環境思想の代表者として徂徠と尊徳を取上げて，彼らの社会倫理が健全な自然観の基礎の上に構築されていることを検討する。さらに，彼らの倫理の三層構造をモデルとして，東西思想の結合を試みた加藤弘之の倫理・政治の構造のなかに，東洋の伝統思想にある自然観と西洋の社会倫理の結合がなされていることを読み取る。最期に，弘之の有機体論と世界平和論を論じる。‘There is no objective value’was a shibboleth of the contemporary ethicists such as R.M. Hare and J. Mackie. Ethics was taken from heavenly moral precepts down to earthly happiness or interests. The two-tier structure of ethics by Hare and Singer has made ethics, more practical than ever. Yet it could not cope with newly emerged environmental ethics, so that contemporary Western ethics seems to be divided into two different specialities with different disciplines of social and environmental ethics. Our trial in this paper is to combine both social and environmental ethics through the ethico-politics of such Japanese Confucians as Ogyu Sorai and Ninomiya Sontoku in the Edo-era of Japan where natural environment was kept miraculously well. In their ethics we have found two level social ethics (roughly corresponding with Hare's two-tier utilitarian ethics), which was founded on the ground of Confucian nature-oriented environmental thoughts. It means that there are three levels in their ethics; that is, the environmental ethics and two levels of social ethics founded on the basis of it. After Japan opened the door to the West, some Japanese thinkers tried to combine Western with traditional thoughts, one of whom was Kato Hiroyuki, the first president of Tokyo University. He argues that the Heaven-given human rights means only illusion and human rights must be a sort of law and institution created by the stable government, which resembles Hare's two tier utilitarian ethics. The ultimate aim in his ethico-politics was, taking humanity as an organism, in the great unity of the world. Happiness and peace of people in the world could never be attained without the sound natural environment. Then Kato's holistic theories of world unity based on the organism of humanity, we believe, imply the consideration of the natural environment, which the Western modern social ethics has missed.
- 2010-02-26
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