まぼろしのペルー・中国間太平洋横断汽船航路--1878年ペルージア号事件と苦力貿易論議
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After the prohibition against the Macao coolie trade in 1874, involvement in the coolie business became a sensitive issue for all Western countries in East Asia, generating arguments over what constituted coolie trade, contract labor, and free immigration. The story of Peru's 1877 trans-Pacific steamship line project illustrates the forces at play in this international interpretative arena. Involvement in the coolie business met increasingly with disapproval in late 19th century trans-Pacific international relations. But although Peru's coolie trade had already acquired a dishonorable reputation prior to 1874, the mass of cheap unskilled labor it provided remained indispensable to Peru's plantation economy. The Peruvian government hoped to pave the way for the legal and cost-free introduction of Chinese labor through their 1874 Treaty with China, and in 1877 contracted with the American firm, Olyphant & Company to establish the Callao- China line. Peru hoped Olyphant's Puritan image would protect the line from international criticism. In the event, strict inspections by Chinese local authorities and the active intervention by British diplomatic representatives spelled disaster for the project. Perusia, the first ship of the Callao-China line, failed in the embarkation of Chinese laborers in both Hong Kong and Guangzhou. The debt passengers whose passage money was paid by Olyphant gained recognition as contract laborers, but passengers who displayed any unwillingness toward the voyage were not considered voluntary immigrants. Consequently, the plan failed, resulting in Olyphant's bankruptcy in 1878.
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