戦後ハワイにおける「沖縄問題」の展開--米国の沖縄統治政策と沖縄移民の関係について
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The aim of this essay is to focus on the so called 'Okinawa problem'- a series of reports, articles, and debates concerning the validity of U.S. occupation of Okinawa and the questions of political and ethnical identity of Okinawa and Okinawans - by examining the historical and social backgrounds in which these debates took place in Hawai'i after WW II.Although the discourses on 'Okinawa problem' derive from various social positions, we could divide them roughly into two categories. The first category consisted of those who opposed the U.S. occupation of Okinawa and insisted on Okinawa's reversion to its homeland, Japan. The second category consisted of those who supported the U.S. occupation of Okinawa and opposed its handover to Japan. The group that supported Okinawa's return to Japan included 'The Hawaii Herald' and 'The Hawaii Times' which were two of the major Japanese newspapers, some Buddhist priests, the labor union ILWU, and a small group of Okinawan immigrants in Hawaii. The group that opposed Okinawa's handover to Japan included the U.S. military, 'Honolulu Star-Bulletin' which was a majorEnglish newspaper, and the majority of Okinawan immigrants in Hawaii.The discourses on 'Okinawa problem' changed in step with the changes of social conditions in Okinawa that were influenced by such events as the separation of Okinawa and Japan by the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, intensification of the movements by the Okinawan residents against the construction of U.S. military bases in 1956, the changes in the occupation policies after 1958, and finally the return of Okinawa to Japan in 1972.By elucidating the historical processes, it is made clear in this paper that the invigorated debates on 'Okinawa problem' in Hawaii were attributable to the character of the relationship between the Okinawan immigrants and the U.S. military by which the problems of Okinawan immigrant's identity within the Japanese immigrant community in Hawaii were purposely linked to the political issues concerning the position of Okinawa. It is, therefore, argued in this paper that there were correlations among the Okinawan immigrant's social position within the larger Japanese immigrant community in Hawaii, the U.S. occupation policies of Okinawa, and the 'Okinawan problem' in Hawai'i.
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