Influence of chlorine dioxide on cell death and cell cycle of human gingival fibroblasts

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Objectives: The effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on cell death and the cell cycle of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were examined.Methods: The inhibition of HGF cell growth was evaluated using a Cell Counting Kit-8. The cell cycle was assessed with propidium iodide-stained cells (distribution of cells in G0/G1, S, G2/M phases) using flow cytometry. The patterns of cell death (necrosis and apoptosis) were analyzed using flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC/PI staining.Results: The lethal doses for 50% of the cells (LD50) of ClO2, NaOCl, and H2O2 were 0.16 mM, 0.79 mM, and 0.11 mM, respectively. All three dental disinfectants induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. H2O2 induced apoptosis at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mM, while NaOCl and ClO2 did not induce significant apoptosis at any concentration examined.Conclusions: These results suggest that ClO2 is sufficient for use as a dental disinfectant compared with H2O2 or NaOCl.