ニワトリヒナの発育に対する飼料中センイの栄養生理学的研究
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There are complicated phenomena produced by the effects of fibrous substances in diets on the chick growth. In the past, it was thought that crude fiber would not be well digested by birds. Although several investigators have recognized that appreciable quantities of crude fiber from oat hulls or grains are digested by birds, it is generally approved that feed fiber is only partially utilized by poultry because of its low digestibility. Therefore, it is considered that an excessive level of crude fiber in the poultry diet would reduce feed efficiency and growth rate. On the other hand, Daviss and Briggs (1947) proved that the chick growth was promoted to a fairly greater extent by a diet containing fiber than a diet containing no fibrous substances. Furthermore, Hill and Dansky (1950, 1951) reported that, although the addition of oat hulls to a diet decreased the energy content of the diet, chicks fed the diet with such addition grew in a fairly good manner. The growth-inhibiting effect of fiber was considered to be attributable to a. reduction in the energy intake (Fraps, 1946; Peterson, 1950). In spite of these findings, Davis and Briggs (1947) concluded that the growth-promoting effect could be produced by the specific action of cellulose itself or somei products of cellulose decomposition. Questions arise as to why the addition of cellulose shows a growth promoting effect, and whether this effect is attributable to the utilization of cellulose as nutrient or to any other factors. In the present study, a series of experiments were conducted to investiate the nutritional and physiological effects of fibrous substances added to a diet on the growth of chicks. The results are reported in this paper. Part I. Effect of fiber on the chick growth Such fibrous substances as cellulose, lignin and carboxymethyl cellulose were investigated for promoting effect on the chick growth. Wood pulp was used as a source of cellulose. The lignin used had been prepared from rice hulls by Migita's method (1956) with ammoniacal copper solution. From the results obtained, it was suggested that the addition of cellulose to a diet had essentially no ill-effect on the chick growth. Besides, there was no harmful effect on the chick growth and feather making when lignin was supplemented to a formula feed. Lignin displayed, however, a notable inhibiting effect when supplemented to a semi-synthetic diet. The availabe feed efficiency (as expressed with grams of basal diet per gram of body weight gain) in the chick growth was found to be increased when cellulose was added to a semi-synthetic diet containing fish meal or milk casein as a sole protein source. As to the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose, the author is to perform further experiments. Part II. Digestion of fiber and its effect on the digestibility of feed nutrients and nitrogen balance To determine whether the growth-promoting effect of cellulose is attributable to the utilization of cellulose as a nutrient or to any other factor, two trials on the digestion of cellulose were conducted, so that changes in the type of cellulose might be clarified. Although some part of alpha- or beta-cellulose was changed quantitatively into beta- or gamma-cellulose in the digestive tract, these cellulose fractions thus produced were not absorbed from the digestive tract. The total amount of cellulose of different types ingested was excreted in the feces. The digestibility of lignin had a very wide range of variation. So that no definite conclusions were reached from these results. It was also found that the addition of cellulose to a diet did not inter-fere with the utilization of crude protein, but depreciated materially the digestibilities of crude fat and nitrogen free extract, both of which are energy sources. From the results obtained, it was presumed that the apparent digestibility of dietary beta-carotene had a tendency to be raised fairly high by the addition of cellulose to the diet. When cellulose was added to a diet, the nitrogen retention was found to be increased. When chicks were fed a diet containing no fibrous substances at all, growth and feed utilization were remarkably reduced in them. Part Ⅲ. Effect of fiber on the biological value of dietary protein The influence of dietary cellulose and lignin upon the biological value of protein was studied. The results indicate that the biological value and the digestibility of protein contained in a semi-synthetic diet with fish meal as a sole protein source were declined when lignin was added to the diet but were not affected when cellulose was added to the diet. Part IV. Effects of fiber on the feed passage time, development of internal organs, vitamin A storage in the liver and plasma, and xanthine dehydrogenase activity of the liver and kidney To clarify the nutritional and physiological effects of fiber on the chick, experiments were conducted on the feed passage time through the digestive tract, development of internal organs, vitamin A storage in the liver and plasma, and the xanthine dehydrogenase activity of the liver and kidney. The results obtained are as follows. (1) The addition of cellulose to a diet caused an increase in the speed of feed passage. (2) The addition of fibrous substance (cellulose or lignin) to a diet increased the weight of the gizzard considerably. (3) When cellulose or lignin was added to a diet, the vitamin A and beta-carotene content in the chick liver decreased to less than half the content of the control. (4) The addition of cellulose to a diet tended to decrease the total cholesterol of the liver and plasma. (5) The addition of fibrous substance did not affect the calcium content of the plasma, but that of lignin decreased the phosphorus content of the plasma. (6) The xanthine dehydrogenase activity of the fresh kidney decreased by the addition of cellulose, and that of the fresh liver and plasma also decreased by the dietary lignin and methylcellulose. Further studies would be needed to clarify the activities of these organs. From the results mentioned above, it was concluded that the amount of cellulose in a chicken diet could be increased to some extent (addition to the diet at a level of 10%) without producing any ill-effect nutritionally and physiologically, and that the addition of lignin to the diet occasionally caused a harmful effect on the feed efficiency and the growth of chicks.
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