STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND UTILIZATION OF VITAMIN B₁ IN SOME GARDEN CROPS
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概要
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The present study has been carried out with the intention of elucidating the physiological action of thiamine in higher plants and the methods of its utilization for culti-vating garden crops. The main materials were: sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas LAM.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L1NN. ), and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris LINN. ). (1) Thiamine application at moderate concentration promotes the germination of seeds or increases the germination rate of old seeds. (2) In the germinating seeds the thiamine stored is transformed from free form to ester form and is consumed in the dark nearly in parallel to the decrease of dry weight. By the artificial application of thiamine, the rate of respiration is remarkably increased. (3) The thiamine content of old seeds is decreased nearly in proportion to the time elapsed; the rate of germination is closely related to the thiamine content. (4) Foliar thiamine spray at moderate concentration is effective for the initiation and development of root, flower bud differentiation, and the increase of the yield of crops; larger tubers and weighty pods were produced and the flavor of crops was improved. (5) The optimum concentration of thiamine solution for seed soaking, as well as for foliar spray, lies at 1 ppm or thereabouts. Spraying is more effective in the first half than in the latter half of the growing period of plants. (6) Under unfavorable conditions of light, temperature, and fertilizer, the thiamine application is especially effective for the growth of plants. (7) When applied in optimum quantity, phosphorus is the most effective of the three fertilizer elements, i. e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, for the thiamine activity in plants. (8) The foliar thiamine spray combined with a low concentration sugar solution is more effective than the individual sprays. (9) Foliar thiamine spray mixed with acidic agricultural chemicals is desirable; alkaline chemicals decrease the thiamine stability remarkably. (10) The foliar thiamine spray at moderate concentration increases the sugar, starch, and thiamine contents of crops, and raises the C-N ratio of plants. (11) The thiamine sprayed on leaves is absorbed by plants in a short time, and is mostly accumulated in the parts of high metabolic activity. (12) A greater part of the thiamine absorbed by leaves is its free form, but a part is transformed to the ester form as time elapses. (13) Foliar thiamine spray at moderate concentration promotes the transpiration, the water absorption, the photosynthesis and the respiration of plants, and makes the values of respiratory quotient to approach to 1. 0. (14) Some thiamine deficiency in the actively metabolic portion of plants, especially in the early growing period, seems to be responsible for the smoothing effects of thiamine through sugar metabolism.
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