近世期から明治初年における埼玉県域の馬耕
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概要
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The primary objectives of this study are to confirm through archives surveys that ohkuwa, a horse-towed plow with a bottom runner, was used from the late 18th century to the early years of Meiji Era in the regions of today's Saitama Prefecture and to elucidate the horse plowing practice against the class structure of farmers. My survey shows that ohkuwa had been used during the period from the late 18th to middle 19th century in many parts of present Saitama Prefecture including the western (present Sakado City and Moroyama-cho), southern (present Konosu and Yono Cities), northern (present Kumagaya City) and eastern (present Ohtone-cho) regions. When compared to teguwa or mannohkuwa, ohkuwa was too expensive and horses used to tow ohkuwa were even more expensive for smaller farmers. Ohkuwa seemed to be affordable to larger farmers and possession of ohkuwa was a good indication of the size of a farmer. The Nonaka, Hayashi and Fukushima families were typical examples of larger farmers. The Nonaka family used horse plowing in paddy and dry fields with good water drain, a favorable condition for the plowing practice, whereas the Hayashi and Fukushima families had paddy fields with relatively poor water drain and yet they used horse plowing. These cases suggest that horse plowing could be practiced in most farming fields unless they are deep-water paddy fields. Use of horse plowing, as the cases of the Nonaka and Hayashi familes showed, mitigated the conflict of farming works for paddy rice, barley and sericulture in spring and allowed farmers to seed in a timely manner barley and vegetables using the harvested paddy and dry fields in fall. Thus, horse plowing in present Saitama from the late 18th to middle 19th century should be reevaluated as a widely-practiced innovation that promoted the introduction and scale-up of sericulture as well as the commercialization of more vegetable crops rather than a region-specific farming practice, although it was limited to a particular farmer class and was largely dependent on field conditions.
- 日本農業史学会の論文
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