学校選択に関する原理論的研究 : アメリカの学校選択制における市場的要因を中心として(II 研究報告)
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概要
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The situation concerning school choice in JAPAN has been changing much in practice and discussion today. It seems to be affected by investigation in specific countries. Among them, the U.S.A. has stood out on school choice, which is the main method of educational reform nowadays. In this paper, we put forward that the grand theory of school choice is the market and exam the following two hypothesis. 1) We can use and control the market according to institutional purposes. 2) The market has the possibility of a decentralized system through exchange. We can drive from them that market present new educational institution theory, "Justice of Exchange," instead of "Social Justice." To demonstrate, we analyze the discussion and actual state of market factors in the four school choice types, 1) Voucher. 2) Magnet schools, 3) Inter-school district choice, 4) Charter school system. The person who shows the market factors through vouchers was first Milton Friedman. We can understand that two market factors, the first being school competition aiming to get students, the second being exchange relations based on demand-supply, through Friedman's voucher. Friedman set the first market factor to improve inefficient public schools. The second market factor was set to make for free competition. As many point out, extreme dependence on free competition makes Friedman's ideas unrealizable. However, we can estimate that Friedman's voucher shows parents/students as consumers and visible exchange. Market factors set by Friedman's Voucher are introduced into school choice in the public school system by Magnet schools (MS), while their adoption also accords with two other purposes. The first purpose is race integration, the second is to guarantee various educations for individual growth. The concrete way is thus Alternative schools, of which a representative type is MS. MS are not necessarily the first market factor since it is also a desegregation plan. Concerning the second market factor, it is quasi-relation because the planed founding and running by additional subside. As far as the second purpose, it was discussed that the second market factor, not connected to school competition, was available to educational reform. While the first market factor was eliminated from MS, it attracted attention in national reform starting in 1983 and appeared as Inter-school district choice. However, the first market factor was used in a political way and teacher unions did not agree to it. To compensate for the lack of past programs and to attain educational reform is a goal built into Charter schools. A concrete reform purpose is to offer an educational service according to parents/students' needs utilizing teachers' agreement. Concerning the first market factor, competition is adjusted and concerning the second market factor, exchange relations exist through respecting the teacher profession. The power among actors is dispersed in the exchange. This process is also to satisfy social needs in multiple dimensions by direct action, that is exchange. At last we can point out that to introduce market factors into educational policy in Japan deserves discussion if we think the subject of the post-welfare state is necessary to realize social needs in multiple dimensions by various actors.
- 日本教育行政学会の論文
- 1998-10-17
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