あるマムルーク軍人の生涯と寄進 : キジュマースの事例に見るワクフの多面的機能
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概要
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Islamic law provides for the waqf (Islamic endowment) as a virtuous legal instrument that will bring the endower "closer to the God (qurba)." However, the popularity of the waqf system throughout the premodern Islamic world cannot be attributed simply to its characteristics as a "charitable act" supported by altruism and benevolence. Waqfs have proven to have been established by people out of more realistic and self-interested motives. By using original waqf-reated documents, the author of the present article examines the actual state of the instrument, as utilized by Mamluk amir Qijmas (d. 1487), from three perspectives : 1) the types of assets Qijmas endowed as waqfs and the process of creating those assets, 2) the contexts and purposes of establishing waqfs, by comparing the data gained from the documents with Qijmas' life history reconstructed from literary sources, and 3) how his personal relationships, especially within the Mamluk class, reflected the character of his waqfs. Through this examination, the author shows that Qijmas established waqfs with various motives, including the preservation of his wealth, working for the public good in accordance with his social status, enhancing the regime's or his own personal prestige, and practicing his piety and philanthropy. The author also shows that 1) the Mamluk's choices of establishing waqfs were heavily influenced not only by his current personal situation, but also by broader social and economic contexts, 2) personal relationships with his intimate Mamluk friends, such as the Sultan and his subordinates, were reflected in the character of his waqfs, and 3) these relationships were maintained and improved by the very act of establishing the waqfs. These characteristics demonstrate the meaning of establishing waqfs for a Mamluk who lived under very difficult circumstances in the late Mamluk period, while providing a glimpse of Qijmas's view of life and death. They also reveal the multifaceted and complex functions performed by the waqf, as well as how the waqf system was strategically and selectively utilized, depending on the personal and social circum- stances of the endower.
- 2011-03-20