前漢における内朝の形成 : 郎官・大夫の変遷を中心として
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概要
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The formation of a new policy-making organ called the Neichao 内朝 during the reign of Former Han Emperor Wudi (135-89 BC) has drawn the attention of many researchers as being very significant in both the development of the period's political history in general and its bureaucratic system in particular. However, although these researchers agree that the situation prior to Wudi's reign continued, they have not sufficiently clarified its connection to the newly formed Neichao. If, indeed, such a connection existed, that would become the starting point for discussing the Neichao's formation. In that case, attention would have to be focused on the close relationship of the imperial palace to the formation of the Neichao, focusing particularly on the various officials active within the palace. It is in this vein that the present article attempts to clarify the connection between the offices of Langguan 郎官 (imperial bodyguards) and Taifu 大夫 (imperial advisers) appointed to the Lang-, zhongling 郎中令 (renamed Guangluxun 光禄勲 by Wudi), which supervised the palace under the pre-Wudi regime, and the offices of Shizhong 侍中 and Jishizhong, 給事中, close imperial advisers who made up the newly formed Neichao. All four of these offices had many similarities in terms of personal background, how they came to be appointed and their duties, while their major difference was how close each was to the person of the emperor. Therefore, from the structure formed according to each official's level of intimacy with and treatment by the emperor in terms of the relative distance from him, the author notices a pecking order principle at work there. During the earlier half of the Former Han period, there was no great division of labor among the palace bureaucracy, but it gradually became more differentiated and stratified. It is within the context of this specialization process that the formation of the Neichao should be understood. That is to say, during the reign of Wudi, new routes to the appointment of Langguan were opened to, for example, regional examinees with the grade of xiaolian 孝廉 for exemplary filial piety and integrity, thus significantly increasing the office's ranks. Consequently, the role of Languan in "cultivating personal ties with the emperor" declined, forcing reforms to be made in the palace's internal security system. Furthermore, the selection of the top advisers in the Neichao from among the Langguan and Taifu resulted in a further stratification of the emperor's entourage.
- 2011-08-20