A Covariance Structure Model for Factors Related to Social Activities of the Elderly Living at Home
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概要
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The purpose of this study was conducted to examine factors related to social activities of the elderly living at home. Data was obtained by a questionnaire distributed to 494 (220 males, 274 females) elderly people living at home. Covariance Structure Analysis was conducted to analyze the causal relations between the related factors. The main findings were as follows: 1) 64.5% of elderly males and 61.8% of elderly females actively participated in social activities. In addition, the overlap participation rate in more than two activities was 40% in males and 37.7 % in females. 2) For both elderly males and elderly females, the results of covariance structure analysis showed that Physical and Mental Health and Self-Efficacy were significantly correlated reciprocally, and Self-Efficacy and Social Support significantly influenced Social Activity. Judging from each standardized causal coefficient of the paths, high Self-Efficacy and positive Social Support respectively enhanced the participation rates in social activities of elderly people living at home. In "Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies", Bandura (1997) pointed out that high self-efficacy influenced a person or a group to become motivated and to act towards self-change or desirable adaptation, and to put effort forth towards the realization of social policy decisions. Also, in "Clinical Psychology of Self-Efficacy", Sakano & Maeda (2002) exemplified that self-efficacy was very useful for improving mental problems and maladaptive actions in school or everyday life, that is, for urging the desirable behavior changes. Finally, from the researches and the surveys on self-efficacy, it is safe to say that self-efficacy is very useful for deciding upon policies and executing programs regarding welfare because self-efficacy influences motivation, behavior changes and adherence to welfare-related behavior. In this survey, Self-Efficacy was significantly related to Positiveness of Action and Insecurity to Failure, but not significantly related to Social Positioning of Ability. That is to say, self-efficacy is increased not by confidence of capability by comparison with others, but by the expectation of failure based on past failure experiences, or cognition of self-confidence of one's ability to perform a task successfully. Bandura(1997) identifies four sources of efficacy formation and modification; that is, 1) Enactive attainment, 2) Modeling or learning by observing others, 3) Verbal persuasion, and 4) Physiological and emotional activation. Enactive attainment provides the most potent influence on self-efficacy; therefore, in order to increase social activities of elderly people, it is most important for the elderly to have mastery experiences in various activities. Also, it is necessary that activity programs include the process in which elderly people manage with volition automatically and independently. In particular, it may be essential to create social activity programs in which elderly people can find worth for living through the contents and the personal relations in the activities, or can utilize their experience in positively.
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