カリフォルニア州トュールリヴァー先住民保留地における部族形成過程に関する歴史学的考察
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This paper examined the process of the development of a leadership system by indigenous tribes after their forced removal to reservations in the late 19th century in California, with a case study on the Tule River Indian Reservation, focusing on the period since 1851, from the treaty-making era to the period after the forced removal. This work is part of the author's project for writing a history of the authorized residents of the Tule River Indian Reservation, utilizing several historical resources including oral interviews with tribal elders and documents held by the tribe, the Federal Government, and the local communities. Ther work specifically focuses on the leadership of Jose Chico, a chief of the Tubatulabal, who had been forced to move the the Tule River Indian Reservation from his ancestral land. Tracing Jose Chico's life as a political leader, this paper illustrates how indigenous people were forced to move to the reservation, and how they re-organized themselves into a legitimate political entity after their arrival. Except for some anthropological research, a detailed examination of the history of the Tule River Indian Reservation is non-existent. In fact, during the last two centuries, the Tribe had been non-existent to historians who mainly focused on specific geographical areas for documenting the record of Native American presence in the United States. Part of the reasons the California Indians rarely appeared in the United States. Part of the reasons the California Indians rarely appeared in the academic interests is that treaty negotiations with the U.S. Government were ignored and never fulfilled with the combined effects of rapid increase of immigration during the gold rush and political barriers imposed by the newly-created State of California. Furthermore, as Sherbourne Cook mentions, the Californian tribes had been decimated to a total of 90 percent of their original population by 1850 due to the conflict with immigrants, as well as epidemic diseases. However, the lack of historical research and population loss never mean that California tribes marginalized themselves into the dominant California societies and, in the process, lost political, social, and cultural autonomy. Having been forcibly removed from their ancestral lands and relocated to the newly-created Reservation, tribal groups learned to share a common land and re-construct their political and social orders and their own identity as reservation members, subsequently creating, the Tule River Tribe. One of the main tools contributing to the reorganization of the new political order on the reservation was the existence of a strong leadership. According to an inherited traditional system among California Indians, the selection of a chief was based on his ability and knowledge as well as his heritage and blood lineages. Under hte strong leadership of the chief, pre and post-removal indigenous groups gathered in the present-day Tule River Indian Reservation.
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