修験道本山派における戦国期的構造の出現

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Within the very fruitful research done to date on the history of the establishment of Shogo-in 聖護院 Temple as the head-quarters for the main sect of Japanese mountain asceticism (shugendo 修験道), there has been a strong tendency to emphasize the escalation and expansion of efforts on the part of the abbot (monzeki 門跡) of Shogo-in during the 14^<th> century to recruit and organize ascetics (yamabushi 山伏) active on the local level. However, the research has not sufficiently focused on the structural aspects of either the relationship between Shogo-in as manager of the Kumano Shrine (Kumano Sanzan 熊野三山) and Jojo-in 乗々院 Temple as functionary of the Shrine, or the relationship between the former and locally-based yamabushi. The present article looks into these two relationships in more detail through an investigation of the forms and functions of documents issued by the two temples. Concerning the documents, which were addressed to either the Kumano Shrine or local yamabushi, the author shows that 1) they can be divided into three types, 2) changes over time that occurred in them can be detected only in those addressed to local yamabushi, 3) a change in the form of the documents beginning in the 16^<th> century reflects a change in the function of Jojo-in as their author, and 4) the change in document form reflects a change in the rights and duties involved in the appointments which the documents pertained to. Turning to the role played by Jojo-in, up through the 15^<th> century, the recruitment and organization of yamabushi by the abbot of Shogo-in was conducted through the issuance of documents addressed to Kumano Shrine and local yamabushi authored by Jojo-in as the functionary of the Shrine, in regard to such matters as appointments to the position of instructor in the art of asceticism (sendatsu 先達) and the resolution of disputes related to that position. However, this structural organization would change during the 16^<th> century in the midst of economic hardship due the withdrawal of the proprietorships (ryo 領) that had been granted to Kumano Shrine and the abbot of Shogo-in, and the loss of Shogo-in's appointment as Shrine manager. Therefore, the abbot was forced to restrict and revise the authority wielded by Jojo-in, choosing to appoint the leaders of local groups of yamabushi as its functionaries alternating them on a yearly basis (nengyoji 年行事), and thus taking direct control of these groups, while securing a new source of revenue. This kind of structural transformation that took place during the 16^<th> century and began with the abbot of Shogo-in's need to find new sources of income, resulted in a substantive change in organization from one revolving around a Jojo-in/Sendatsu axis to one revolving around a Shogo-in/Nengyoji axis, and, in the author's view, resulted in a new social context in which local yamabushi groups would practice asceticism.
2010-04-20

修験道本山派における戦国期的構造の出現

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