第2メッセニア戦争とスパルタ : Lykurgos体制成立の時期と関連して

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概要

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• In the second half of the eighth century B. C. the Spartans conquered Messenia and in the course of the next century the Messenians revolted again and again. According to Pausanias, in the first half of the seventh century the Messenians revolted twice: the first being the so-called Second Messenian War, and the second, the conflict ending in 657 B. C. He gives the date of the outbreak of the first exactly viz. 685 B. C., but this date is uncertain. In 669/8 B. C. the Spartans were defeated by the Argives at Hysiai. This gave the Messenians their chance to strike at their Spartan oppressor, and to enter into the anti-Spartan alliance with Argos and Arkadia. G. L. Huxley says "there were at least two distinct campaigns in the seventh century fought by Sparta against her neighbours to the west: one, in which Tyrtaios encouraged the Spartans, from about 669 to about 657, and another against Pylos, ending about 600 B. C." (Early Sparta, p. 59.) He regarded the former as the Second Messenian War, and on this point I share his view. Some maintain that the Second Messenian War is the origin of the Lycurgan Reform, but I do not hold that view. Before the defeat at Hysiai the main constituents of the Spartan army were the so-called mounted hoplites and they were almost all aristocrats. But immediately on the outbreak of the Second Messenian War, many of the wealthy citizens were required to enter the war as hoplites, and on the battlefield they were organized into the phalanx together with the aristocrats. At that time the common people (citizens) were still not qualified to be hoplites. In the course of the second half of the seventh century the aristocrats and the wealthy citizens, by promoting foreign trade, attained great fortune and as a result a great inequality of wealth arose in the Spartan community. Meanwhile the development of phalanx-tactics required an increase in the number of soldiers, and many more citizens had to become hoplites. About 600 B. C. a disturbance broke out in Messenia, and at that time Spartan citizens were reorganized into the homoioi. The qualification to be homoioi might well have been the ownership of land and this presumably would have been accompanied by some reform of the land system. Nevertheless the homoioi's equality was unreal. There may have been no actual paupers among them but there were some who possessed exceptional wealth. Thenceforth the homoioi were permanently mobilized as full-time professional hoplites, while their kleroi were cultivated by the heilotai at all times. This homoioi-heilotai system is called the Lycurgan Regime. Together with the reinforcement of the agoge and the syssition, it was finally established in the first half of the sixth century B. C.

• 日本西洋古典学会の論文
• 1973-03-20

著者

• 新村 祐一郎

  大谷大学

関連論文

• POWELL, A. (ed.), Classical Sparta : Techniques Behind Her Success., Pp.xiv+196, Routledge, London, 1989., £25.00.
• 第2メッセニア戦争とスパルタ : Lykurgos体制成立の時期と関連して
• HUXLEY, G. L. : Early Sparta, pp.164, Faber and Faber, London, 1962.
• スパルタのGreat Rhetraに関する二,三の問題 : Great Rhetraの内容の考察を中心に

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