北欧諸国の女性の政治参加
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After New Zealand and Australia, women from the five Northern European countries were relatively early to obtain the right to vote considering worldwidely. In 1906 Finland became the first to grant universal suffrage, with Sweden the last in 1921. Comparing with Northern Europe countries, Japan, where women did not receive the right to vote until 1946, was 25 to 40 years later. Northern Europe has a long history of political activity by women, and their current levels of participation are among the world's highest. Female parliamentary representatives account for 24 % of the total in Iceland and 38 % in Finland, while female cabinet ministers range from 9 % in Iceland to 47 % in Norway. Three major factors have assisted political activity by women in these Northern European countries : (1) all have adopted the proportional representation system of voting (2) the social democratic tradition is stronger than elsewhere in Europe ; the Social Democratic Party holds more seats than the other parties ; the Social Democratic party has been consistently pursuing justice and equality, including equality between the sexes. (3) the pressure to boost female representation from women's side was much stronger than elsewhere in Western Europe. Women are essential to the workforce in Northern European countries, whose populations are relatively small, and have been active in society since long ago. The feminist movement, while not particularly outspoken, has been working within the law to secure rights for women, putting up female candidates at elections and urging people to vote for women. The first female member of parliament sat on a committee participating "reproduction", giving statements, asking questions and presenting motions to parliament. The field of reproduction spans social policy, including family studies, health, alcohol control, housing and social security, as well as education, cultural, environmental and consumer policy. In this way it has contributed to the welfare society structure and top-level sexual equality of Northern European countries. In recent years women have also been striving to gain representation in fields such as "production", including communications, construction, labour, public finances, energy and regional policy, as well as "preservation of the system" (criminal policy, foreign relations, national defence and political and administrative systems). At present in Norway not just the Prime Minister but also the Ministers for Development, Trade-Shipbuilding, Justice and the Police are all female. In Sweden are found in posts such as Foreign Minister, Minister of Justice and Finance Minister, while in Finland the Ministers of Defence and Justice are both women. In addition to their degree of public representation Northern European women also enjoy the world's highest level of participation in the workforce (83 % in Sweden). Due to the low wage differential with males (in Denmark women earn 83 % of male wages) women pay the same taxes as men, increasing the proportion of taxes paid by women overall. The taxes thus collected are recycled back into social welfare, providing a foundation for the strong economic and social welfare policies of these countries. The long tradition of female participation in politics has made an important contribution to remarkable progress of humanity and equality in these societies.
- 麗澤大学の論文
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- 北欧諸国の女性の政治参加