律令国家と校班田

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This article examines the system of land allotment in ancient Japan from the aspects of related procedures, household registers and land surveys leading to allotments. The author begins with a comparison between the Japanese and Tang Dynasty land codes containing allotment procedures and discovers that the system in Japan was controlled at the top by the Ministry of State (Dajokan 太政官) and managed locally by provincial-level governments (kokushi 国司), concluding that the most important feature of the code was a focus on leadership at the center. The way in which the Dajokan controlled land allotment was refined in a number of steps during first half of the eighth century and was probably completed at mid-century as the land allotment procedures seen in the Engi Era revisions pertaining to the Ministry of Civil Affairs (Minbusho 民部省). According to these revisions, two accounting ledgers were proposed: one containing the results of land surveys, the other recording allotees, in order for the Minbusho to keep track of the total number of allotments and per capita land holdings, resulting in a system by which allotment plans for each province were deliberated and accepted by the central government. Local customs concerning the amounts of allotments in each province were subject to final approvement by the central government. An examination of the actual surveying and allotting indicates important involvement on the part of sub-provincial district offices (gunji 郡司) in such areas as administration and actual allotment proposals, duties and procedures that do not appear in the land codes themselves; while the activities of land surveyors and allotters reflect the strong influence of provincial-level governments, as reflected in the land codes. This latter characteristic indicates a strong central government presence as in the dispatch of personnel to implement the allotment system. Together with household registers, land allotment created the household (ko 戸) as the basic unit of control consisting of household members and land. The direct involvement by the central government in the land allotment system, which created ko as the unit of land management, resulted in the break-up of the former system under local chieftains. The overall structure consisting of household registers, surveying and land allotment was very different from the Tang Dynasty system under which the household was established as the unit of land management by household registers. It was this structure that caused the separaion of control over land from control over household members and promoted the development of statistics and maps for land.
2009-03-20

律令国家と校班田

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