エレン・H・リチャーズの「第4の"R"」環境思想の医学的構造
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Ellen H. Richards (Ellen Henrietta Richards, maiden name: Swallow, 1842-1911) was the first woman bachelor of science and the first woman professional chemist in the history of the U.S. In 1904, Richards published "The Art of Right Living". In it, she suggested the idea of <the fourth "R">-"the Art of Right Living". The three "R"s taught to children at schools in the U.S. were "Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic". The fourth "R" was made up of "eating, sleep, amusement, exercise and work". Richards' thinking on "eating, sleep, amusement, exercise" was therapeutic for people's physical and mental wellbeing, While her thinking on "work" is philosophical for their spiritual wellbeing. Richards thought that the fourth "R" was necessary to help people to adapt to their natural environment, and she claimed that schools should not only teach children the conventional three "R", but also the fourth "R" in order to turn them into efficient adults who are able to adapt to their natural environment in the future. In "The Art of Right Living", Richards first pointed out the necessities of fresh air and safe water, and moreover stated concretely <the fourth "R"> and the relations between work and adaptations to the natural environment. It has been more than 100 years since Richards published <the fourth "R"> idea, but it still has significance today for the resolution of environmental problems and more broadly for the enjoyment of life. In this paper I chiefly discuss the "eating, sleep, amusement, exercise" as the component of <the fourth "R">, and I will give some thought to the "work" as a fifth item in another paper.
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