ハリエット・マーティノウと南アフリカ : 「未開地の生活」論考(国際文化学科)
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概要
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原著Original国立情報学研究所で電子化The present paper examines the personal and cultural significance of Harriet Martineau's "Life in the Wilds." The story is the first of the Illustrations of Political Economy (1832-34), by which Martineau established herself as an independent author. The aim of Illustrations of Political Economy was to intelligibly teach the theory of political economy to the general public, something which had been proposed by such economists as Adam Smith, Ricardo and Malthus. In order to publish the Illustrations of Political Economy, Martineau had to overcome many difficulties. It was very difficult for a single woman without property to become independent in Victorian patriarchal society. Martineau's struggle symbolizes that of women in the similar situation. Many publishers declined Martineau's offer because of the political and social conditions in 1831, when the public minds were occupied with the Reform Bill and the epidemic of cholera. After persevering through endless negotiations, she finally managed to enter into a contract with a publisher, though it was on very humiliating terms. She tried to sustain her health and keep up her determination and unfaltering hope by thoroughly controlling all aspects of her life. The great success of "Life in the Wilds" brought her a degree of satisfaction wherein she could ascertain her career, find an occupation, and achieve independence before she turned thirty. "Life in the Wilds" is a story about the struggle of English settlers in South Africa, who have lost almost everything from Bushmen's attacks. They work very hard to get out of the "primitive condition of society" and reach "a state of civilization." Their development embodies the history of progress of human kind. The story is especially significant on the following points: 1) it is based on the fair attitude of the narrator and Martineau towards both the attacker and the attacked, the conqueror and the conquered; 2) it is successful in articulating and making accessible for the public, a theory of political economy, particularly the importance of the division of labour; 3) it provided information about South Africa, which was little known to the people of England in those days, and presented problems caused by British imperialism.
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