戦時労働力の給源と動員 : 農民家族と都市商工業者を対象に(大会報告・共通論題:第二次大戦期の日本資本主義-戦時経済の歴史的位置)
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This paper aims to clarify the man-power mobilization scheme implemented in the war-time (1937-45) to transfer labour from non-military section to the army and munitions industry section, particularly focusing at its impact on the two main sources of extracted labour, namely rural peasant and urban trading population. With the escalation of the war since 1937, recognizing the importance of increasing food production, the government officially excluded peasant families from the mobilization program in 1941. However, the extraction from peasants did not completely stop but in fact continued in the form of requisition and conscription. The peasant families from which adult males were extracted had to cope with this difficulty by increasing the role of female members in the farm management and operations. The impact on urban traders was greater. In 1941, for the purpose of reorganizing the goods-circulation system (Sangyo-Saihensei) and mobilizing labour force into munitions industries, the government started a policy to convert retail merchants to factory workers. While in the earlier stage merchants managed to fill such demand for labour by inducing their shopboys to switch jobs to factory workers, in the later period shop owners themselves had to temporarily serve in factories as voluntary workers (Kinro-Hokokutai). Though they tried to survive their own business by making full use of their family labour, the majority were obliged to close down their shops when the 'Drastic Mobilization Scheme' was set in force in summer 1943. The war-time labour mobilization considerably weakened such abilities of families and family business as to support and educate family members and to succeed and maintain traditional skills. This implies that these roles having been played by families were to be substituted either by government's social welfare activities or by welfare facilities provided by big companies. Thus, the war-time labour mobilization, while relying upon the families and family business as their main sources of man power, caused a considerable change in the function of families.
- 政治経済学・経済史学会の論文
- 1996-04-20
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