1870年代の中国金融市場と在華外国商人の中国通貨制度改革運動
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概要
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This article is an analysis of the money market of central China and the currency reform movements by the Chambers of Commerce of foreign merchants in Shanghai and Hongkong. In the 1870s, it was the Chinese native bank (Qian zhuang銭荘) that controlled the money market central China. Taking advantage of the great demand for silver dollars during tea and silk export sales season, the Chinese native banks used to absorb great quantities of silver dollars and had them changed into sycee to absorb more silver dollars from the money market again. Because of this operation, Western colonial banks suffered the shortage of sycee, which was indispensable for purchasing export bills of exchange, whereas Chinese merchants lacked silver dollars to buy tea and silk in the inland districts. In order to prevent deflation, Western colonial banks were compelled to import silver to boost the supply of circulating on the money market, however, they suffered great losses from this operation after the silver price started to fall in 1873. In particular, when a great silk export boom took place in 1876, this peculiar character of the money market brought about a "Silver Famine", which caused great losses to Western colonial banks and mercantile houses alike. The "Silver Famine" of 1876 affected foreign merchants in Shanghai and Hongkong to start the reform movement of Chinese currency system; this movement was started by the activities of the foreign merchants' Chambers of Commerce in Shanghai and Hongkong. However, the Chambers of Commerce failed to act together because of the following reasons : the Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai considered the silver dollars as the basic standard of value and believed that the Qing government could reform their currency system by themselves; the Chamber of Commerce in Hongkong considered the sycee as the basic standard of value and doubted the ability of the Qing government to reform their currency system. Consequently, by sending the memorial, the Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai alone made the foreign Ministers in Beijing to propose the Qing government to establish a Mint to issue a silver coin with fixed quality and weight. Nevertheless, due to the strong opposition from Chinese ministers and local magistrates, the Zongli Yamen (総理衞門) turned down the proposal from the foreign Ministers. After this negotiation, however, because of the great famine, the increase in Indian tea, European and Japanese silk exports, the volume of the Chinese tea and silk trade decreased. Moreover, the abolishment of the first crop purchasing custom in 1979 liberated Western colonial banks from the unfavour situation explained above.
- 1987-01-20
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