第二次世界大戦とイラン政治 : 英・ソ共同占領下の国内危機の諸相(<特集>イラン世界とその周辺地域-その形成と展開)
スポンサーリンク
概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
This article considers the internal crisis and politics in Iran under the Anglo-Soviet occupation of 1941-43, immediately after the abdication of Reza Shah. During this period Iran suffered serious socio-economic impairment. The Treaty of Alliance with the British and Soviets signed in January 1942 forced Iran not only to issue a vast amount of currency to the Allies, but also to cooperate in the procurement of necessities and in the preferential use of transportation facilities for the Soviets. As a result, a steep rise in prices and shortage of materials including foodstuffs, threatened the daily life of the Iranian masses. In addition, under the influence of a partly disintegrated army, a rapid worsening of security became conspicuous. Tribal chiefs freed from prison or confinement organized rebellions against the weakened central government, and robberies were frequently witnessed. Also, even the free movement of government officials and the army was substantially limited within the occupied areas. The description above presents the real situation regardless of the so-called 'Period of Democracy', indicating the fact that Reza Shah's dictatorship had collapsed. Furthermore, the political situation in Tehran was excessively volatile. After Forughi's government of August 1941 to March 1942 had concluded the above treaty, Ali Soheili headed the cabinet but apparently lacked political leadership, and consequently his government proved to be a short-lived one. The succeeding premier Ahmad Qavam who was a veteran politician exerted shrewd leadership from August 1942 in order to improve this critical situation, utilizing policies such as an active approach to the US and the introduction of full authority to the 13th Majles (Parliament). Yet, his attempts were answered by the hostility of the young Mohammad Reza Shah (monarch), as well as by many of the deputies of the Majles. In this situation a bread riot which was an allegedly conspiratorial act of the shah occurred in Tehran in December 1942, and his cabinet lasted only for seven months. Thereafter, Soheili who had been violently attacked by the Majles and had resigned, once again assumed the premiership in February 1943. This government lasted for 13 months, but the reason for the lengthy term of his cabinet was not because of his strong leadership, but was rather because he was sustained by the war condition in favor of the Allies. On this account the rebellion of the southern tribes led by Qashqai's which had a close link to German agents, began to gradually decline. From the above situation at least three factors that accelerated the Iranian crisis during the concerned period may be deduced. The first is needless to say the Anglo-Soviet occupation and rule, which was a result of having taken advantage of the victory against the Axis powers. The second is the Iranian politics of the elites almost all of whom were supporters of the former Reza Shah's dictatorship, including the Majles deputies, Forughi, Soheili and other political leaders. This is true of the shah who sought to gain power as monarch, fearing criticism from the outside. The third is the unrestricted rampancy of political liberalization, as a counter effect of the dictatorship. The crisis greatly deepened under the complication of these factors, and it may be said that the real tragedy of Iran facing the Second World War was the fact that it came to fall into a state of political paralysis, with no perspectives for a bright future.
- 上智大学の論文