清代銅・鉛鉱業の発展
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概要
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Copper and lead industries in the Ch'ing dynasty formed a special industrial branch. Owing to the development of commodity and money economy, the government deemed it obligatory to control legal tender by claiming the exclusive possession of copper and lead, the chief materials of coins. The copper and lead industries in the Ch'ing dynasty were thus in constant danger of falling into state control. The present article is intended to trace the development of the copper and lead industries of the Ch'ing dynasty from the beginning down to the time of the Opium war, observing how these industries, which had started as private enterprises in the Ming dynasty, resisted state interference throughout the period. State interference took the form of heavy taxation, compulsory requisition, and confiscation of the products at one-third the current market price. Forced to sink into small commodity reproduction, the copper and lead industries defied the state by keeping their close contact with private markets through tax evasion and illicit sale. The conflicts between state and private interests over copper and lead is the key to an understanding of the development of the copper and lead industries in the Ch'ing dynasty. At first, the private interests seemed to hold their ground ; manufactural enterprises in the copper and lead industries arose amid the numerous enterprises producing small commodities. The development of these private enterprises, however, threatened the state policy to obtain coin materials, and the state was forced, from the time of Gan lun (乾隆) onward, to adopt more severe, reactionary measures against them. Mines and refineries were enclosed with walls to prevent smugglers form illegally taking copper and lead out. Thus the state control of the copper and lead industries seemed inevitable. Naturally, the enterprisers, both large and small, resisted the state interference as much as they could, but only the large enterprisers' class was successful in escaping statd control. The small producers' class of the domestic industry type was ruined, after a few years' unsuccesssful struggle against the state through repeated petitions and strikes, to sink into the proletariat. Out of this struggle were born state-controled manufacturing enterprises in the copper and lead industries. The way to full-fledged capitalism was closed to small commodities production. Nor did the state-controled enterprises fare well; they were driven to the reduction of reproduction from the very out set of their establishment, and had to meet Europeo-American capitalism which launched itself into China at and after the time of the Opium War.
- 桃山学院大学の論文