清末の体育思想 : 「知育・徳育・体育」の系譜
スポンサーリンク
概要
- 論文の詳細を見る
During the late 19^<th> and early 20^<th> century, namely, the late Qing period, ideas about physical education flowed rapidly into China, and the exercises that constituted the central activity of such ideas became more and more popularl. This article examines how these ideas about physical education and exercising were adopted in China and also describes how the ideas helped change the Chinese physique. The general idea of physical education first entered China via Herbert Spencer's well-known work, Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. Since Spencer's ideas about education in general were liberal and naturalistic, his ideas about its physical aspects focused on what promoted natural growth and improved health in order to free the body from debilitating impediments. However, in China, Yan Fu, who was the first to assimilate Spencer's ideas systematically, also regarded intellectual, moral, and physical abilities as freeing people from impediments, but stressed the ultimate purpose of such a process to be the construction of a strong and prosperous nation. Thus, the body would not only be released into a state of nature, but also incorporated as an indispensable part of the nation. At that time, the concepts of physical education and exercise were also permeating gradually into China by way of Japan. Especially during the early 20^<th> century, military calisthenics (heishiki-taiso) that had been practiced in Japan since their introduction by Education Minister Mori Arinori under government policies of military nationalism (gunkokumin-syugi). In other words, physical training was conceived as a means of militarizing society. Ideas about physical education in China were strongly influenced by Japanese ideology, as the bodies of its citizens were bound tightly to the fate of the nation. At this stage, ideas of physical liberty purported by Yan Fu had been clearly eliminated from the physical education curricula in China.
- 2008-08-20