チェコのジャポニスム : 19世紀末〜20世紀初頭のグラフィックを中心に
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概要
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At the end of the 19th century and the dawn of the 20th, Japanese art became a paradigm for artistic innovation in the Czech lands, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Up to then, stylistic historism was the dominant trend. It lasted relatively long in the Czech lands, until young artists sought to 'modernise' their art. Like many European artists in the second half of the 19th century, one of their sources of inspiration came from Japanese art. Young Czech artists born around 1870 studied the specificity of Japanese art, in order to develop new forms of visual expression and to construct esthetic value systems unknown in the European tradition. In this essay, the author analyses the nature and purpose of the collections of Japanese arts and crafts in two main institutions in Prague: the Naprstek's Museum and the Museum of Decorative Arts. Both were created in the second half of the 19th century, 1863 and 1885 respectively, and started to collect and exhibit Japanese arts and crafts from the very outset. In addition, the author assesses the cultural impacts these exhibitions had and how they were perceived from this period until the beginning of the 20th century. This study shows therefore the extent to which aesthetic values found in Japanese art were indeed highly appreciated in the turn of the century in Prague. In particular, there is clear evidence of this tendency in the graphic works of the magazine called Free Direction (Volne smery), published in 1896 by the Manes Artists' Association and created in 1887 by students of the Prague Academy of Fine Arts. This group became the driving force of the so-called Czech Secession movement (1890s/1910). In this light, the essay provides a careful analysis of how members of the Manes Artists' Association such as Arnost Hofbauer (1869-1944) and Vojtech Preissig (1873-1944), amongst others, adopted aesthetic features and artistic devises taken from Japanese art. In most cases, these pictorial reinterpretations testify of careful study and understanding of Japanese art, and prints in particular.
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