偏食についての心理学的研究 : 幼児・児童の発達的研究

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Objects: The aim of this research is to investigate the following items: (1) A survey of food preferences of mothers and children from the same family and the causes for these preferences. (2) The psychological characteristics of children on balanced diets and those on unbalanced diets. (3) Research on examples of children on balanced diets and those on unbalanced diets. (4) The presentation and analysis of examples in which unbalanced diets have been successfully corrected. Procedure: The pre-school subjects in this research were 77 boys and 89 girls in Tokyo Kindergarten, and 48 boys and 51 girls in Ichikawa Kindergarten. The grade school sujects were 26 boys and 34 girls in N Primary School, and 24 boys and 19 girls in S Primary School. The research was conducted from October, 1971, to October, 1972. Results: Pre-school Chidren. The favorite foods of pre-school children are ice cream and dried seaweed, while their mothers prefer fruits. The finding based on the division of all the foods into groups was that children get more of their vitamins from fruits than from vegetables. Surprisingly, there were few sweets that children generally liked. Boys averaged ten kinds of food they didn't like, girls 8.5, and mothers 3.5. Among the nine foods that children like least, 5 are vegetables, and highest on the list are dried prunes and green peppers. Among the foods that both mothers and children dislike are most notably manju (a pastry with a been-jam filling, and monaka (been-jam wafers). Mothers dislike raw eggs, cheese, and beef, mainly because they contain protein. The reasons children give for disliking foods are the taste and feel, in that order of importance. The reasons mothers give are taste and health. Thus a distinction may be made according to age. Persuasion and skill in preparing and serving the food account for more than half the cases in which an unbalanced diet has been successfully corrected. Most of the successes were connected largely with those cases in which children learned to like certain foods, particularly vegetables and meats. The correction of unbalanced diets was concentrated around the age of four, followed by the ages of five and three respectively. The period of time was mostly between one and three months. Looking at the personal characteristics of those children on unbalanced diets and those on balanced diets, one can see that the children on balanced diets displayed slightly more desirable characters. On the other hand, among the more than 20 children on unbalanced diets, those who tended to dislike vagatables displayed a fickle character and were on the way to requiring medical attention. Therefore, in short, the amount of influence that an unbalanced diet has on one's character depends on the amount and direction of the unbalance. School children. The foods which boys like best are wieners, watermelons, and dried seaweed ; the foods which girls prefer are wieners and fruits and sweets such as tangerines and ice cream ; their mothers prefer tofu (bean curds) and tangerines. Looking at the classification of food types, one can see that children prefer fruits to vegetables, and girls like foods containing large quantities of protein and fat. There is a tendency for children to prefer Japanese cakes to the sweeter western cakes. Their mothers seem to like foods with a rather light flavor. Boys averaged 6.5 foods that they didn't like, girls 5.5, and mothers 4. For boys and girls alike these foods were mostly vegetables such as green peppers, carrots, and onions, for mothers, sources of protein such as raw eggs and cheese. The reasons given by children and mothers alike for disliking certain foods were mainly their taste, feel, or smell. The number of foods they disliked so much they wouldn't eat them was remarkably high. Fortunately, the mothers' dislikes didn't have much influence on the children. Persuasion and skill in preparing and serving the food account for more than 60% of the cases in which an unbalanced diet has been successfully corrected. The types of foods that the children learned to like were mostly vegetables, such as green peppers, onions, and carrots. The correcting of unbalanced diets took place mostly at ages 6, 5, and 7 respectively and the period of time required was between 3 and 6 months. There is not much difference between those in the midst of having their diets corrected and those who have completed the process, but persuasion and skill in preparing and serving the food account for more than 80%, and compared to those who have successfully corrected their diets, there is noticeably less effort to change the atmospheres in which the meal is eaten, and more use of compulsion and scoldings. Personality is based to a certain extent on regional difference, so according to this, those grade school children living in the city displayed more adult characteristics. Looking at the average profile of the characteristics of those children on unbalanced diets and those on balanced diets, one can see that the children on unbalanced diets display slightly more desirable characters. Also, the ones on unbalanced diets had a number of problems and were on the verge of needing treatment. In conclusion, one's thoughts on unbalanced diets may vary greatly according to one's point of view, and the degree of influence may vary greatly according to the number of items the child dislikes, and the direction in which the diet is unbalanced.

偏食についての心理学的研究 : 幼児・児童の発達的研究

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