興安嶺南山地の経済構造 : ハラトクチンの経済の分析を手掛かりに(<特集>モンゴル学国際シンポジウム)
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概要
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A village of Bayanbulaγ γacaγ-a of Bayanondur sumu, located in the northern part of Arugorc in banner in the eastern area of Inner Mongolia, was once named Qaratoγcin. In 1939, officials of Kouankyoku (興安局) investigated the actual conditions of the village and made a report. I analyzed the report critically by using other related materials, and made the following clear. Until the middle of the 20th century people of Qaratoγcin were basically engaged in stock raising. At the same time they were also engaged in the Mongolian traditional agriculture which is called namuγ tariy-a, hunting mainly for the animals in the forest, and wood carriage and wood working of wood which was cut in the mountains. The economy of the village was composed of these four occupations. On the other hand, I verified by means of various materials that the same economic structure as Qaratoγcin is widely found in the mountainous or hilly region in the southern side of the Greater Hinggan range. This region includes Kesigten banner, Baγarin right-wing banner, Baγarin left-wing banner, Aruqorcin banner, Jaruud banner, Qorcin middle banner of right-wing, Qorcin front banner of right wing, Jalayid banner and so forth and covers a large area. In this region, forest steppe grows commonly and parts rich in good grass are adjacent thereto. So this region is fit for stock raising and also abundant in wild animals and wood. Therefore although this region is in the steppe, it has had multiple economic structure, following various occupations in addition to stock raising. Consequently I name this region "mountainous region in the southern side of the Greater Hinggan range", which I regard as important region with regional features in the eastern part in Inner Mongolia. I point it out as well that the capital of Liao Dynasty was set at one block of this region. As to the interrelationship of stock raising, agriculture and hunting, up to this time stock raising (nomadism in this case) has been regarded as backward and primitive, hunting as declining, agriculture as progressive. The interrelationship has been explained much from this point of view. B. Y. Vladimirtsov, who had have the similar view, exerted much influence on the report of Kouankyoku, which was based on the said point of view. From this point of view it is difficult to explain that stock raising, hunting and agriculture co-existed in the above-mentioned region. Namuγ tariy-a was once despised as a primitive agriculture and hunting and wood carriage and wood working have been considered to be done by poor nomads. I object to the above view. The economic characteristics of the region were caused by the differences of the natural environments. This has made the economy and history of the nomads in Mongol Highlands rich in substance. Every kind of economy in the southern mountainous region of the Greater Hinggan range should not be judged by the view of which economy is progessing or which is behind. The economy should be considered to be based on the natural environments of Qaratoγcin and other natural environments of the southern mountainous region of the Greater Hinggan range.
- 島根県立大学の論文