複雑系政治経済社会の複合的理解を探って : 俯瞰的科学観としての一つの試み
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概要
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This paper is made of three parts with hoping and searching a integration of economics, politics, sociology, and related humanities and natural sciences as a unity of so-called social sciences from a standpoint of overlooking or bird's-eye view of science or knowledge methodology. For this aim, at a start, it must be necessary for each of sciences to be properly placed on each of the four quadrants divided by the two axis of ordinate (vertical) and abscissa (horizontal) on the bases of their foundamental characters and subjects. The concept toward the top of its vertical axis is generality and universality ('civilisation' as their overall expression), while the one toward the bottom is indivisuality, speciality, particularity, uniqueness, and differentia ('culture' as the same). The concept toward the right-hand side of its horizontal axis is logic and truthfulness, while the left-hand side is ethics or (im) morality, the good or the bad. It will become possible by doing so for each of sciences to be properly placed on their fundamental characters and subjects, and in additions to them, contexts of regionalism and/vs. globalism, and ones of nationalism and/vs. world systems, to be properly and correctly positioned. Economics is to be placed on the 1st quadrant which is general and logical, and politics on the 2nd one which is logical and ethical, related humanities and natural sciences (for example, the science of religion, cultural or natural antholopologies) on the 3rd one which is individual and ethical, and also, sociology plus history on the 4th one which is logical and individual. Phenomological complexities of the real world need to take the view that should find individual characters of and in composite generality, and on the contrary, general elements of each individuality, and/or, ethical meaning of logical systems of knowledge and logical solution of ethical problems. Each of sciences positioned as the above should be reorganized and reconstructed along the direction on the fundamental bases for collaboration and cooperation to meet various and complex realities effectively and so to make one of the best use of them. The second part of this paper is given to survey the interrelation between scientific paradigms, that is knowledge-systems of political and economic society, and institutional and mental cultures, in additions to thier terms of contents, and historical cultures of time and space as overall complexities of institutional and mental ones. After that, with the prelude of investigations on some of interpretations by F. Fukuyama, K. R. Popper, and Y. Murakami concerning G. W. F. Hegel, new functions as thoughts of progressive idea and conservatism are disscussed. Every thought parted by one of agents (subjectiveness) seeks for itself to be synthesized as personal psychology, and the others (objectiveness) stand to each others as differentiation. These positions and situations are introduced to be made and realised societies to be ample and plentiful in place of poor and meager. As for one of agents, he or she seeks to be looked upon by others as a person who has unified personality by himself or herself rather than who has differentiate ones. But, for or to himself or herself, others have many and various personalities, and they show them when he or she meets, faces and confronts each other. To be positioned and situated for developing his or her life, he or she must have one at least but many of ideas if possible at first, above all, progressive ones if hopeful. On the other hand as plural agents, each must have logical potentiality to explanate his or her (and their) ideas that are new or unknown to others for being understood or to have common understanding. The direction of this progressive situation makes a progress of society to increase the abundant ideas. On the contrary, conservatism does not need such logical potentiality to explain to others for society to be ample and plentiful but only to swell up emotions of and as one agent level and only to expand images of and as plural agents level without having any of such progressive ideas. As the last part of this paper, instead of the conclusion, it is intended to gain a philosophical view of the world on knowledge and information as a whole. For that purpose two axes are set, one of which is vertical and another is horizontal. With the vertical axis, the concept toward the top is related with the epistemological world of substantiveness, in other words, Baconian tradition of inductionism which is realistic, experimental, observative, affirmative, empirical, objective, renewal, and accumulative, while the concept toward the bottom is related with the one of possibility, in other words, Cartesian tradition of reductionism which is assumptive, inferential, subjective, doubtful, selective, negative, reasoningful, and tendencious. With the horizontal axis, the concept toward the right-hand side is truthfulness, empiricism, physicism, factuality, and other views of scientific world. On the otherhand, the concept toward the left-hand side is metaphisics, superstructure, the world of GAIA, psychological meaningfulness, and system theories. By doing so, scientific thoughts and scienticism, for example logical positivism, that are sources of scientific information are to be placed on the 1st quadrant which is both substantial and truthful, while interrelastionship and traditional worlds, for example the philosophies of langage and mind-action problems are to be placed on the 2nd quadrant which is both experimental and metaphysical. The 3rd quadrant which is both metaphysical and selective, places the inner world of humane psychology, including varieties of religious minds and existentialism, for example. The 4th quadrant which is the world of reductionism and still insisted as 'objective', could place, for example, the phylosophy of critical rationality or rationalism like K. R. Popper who asserted the theory of 'conjectures and refutations' as only unique method of proof and verification for truthfulness. Added to the above of this paper, each of probability theories, that have many of concepts and standpoints, is positioned respectively on the above mentioned each of four quadrants to search and grasp essential kind and character of them.