環太平洋の中の韓国経済(経済摩擦と国際秩序-パックスアメリカーナと日・韓・中の地域経済圏-,総合研究)

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This paper examines the role of the economy of South Korea ROK in the context of the Pacific Rim region. I will focus in particular on a closer study of how the South Korean trade and investment structure fulfills the twin requirements of an export-oriented economy, and also identify recent major changes in and the determining characteristics of this structure. Within the trade relationship among South Korea, Japan and the United States known as the Pacific Triangle, South Korea has grown by importing intermediate and capital goods from Japan and exporting finished products to United States markets. South Korea has traditionally had a trade deficit with Japan and a trade surplus with the United States. This structure altered in the latter half of the 1980s, when the deficit with Japan rose further and a new deficit emerged with the United States. Capital began leaving South Korea for both Japan and the United States; the Pacific Triangle had been transformed into a one-way triangle. Meanwhile, South Korea has been developing closer ties with China during the early 1990s under a trade structure based on exports of textiles, chemical products, steel products and other heavy chemical engineering industry goods and imports of light industry products. In this way, the South Korean trade structure has developed around the twin pillars of increasing dependence on Japan and the United States and closer relations with China. This twin-pillar structure have been to the South Korean trade structure what the two axles are to a car. Foreign direct investment by South Korea tends to be heavily concentrated in specific areas and specific industries. This has certainly been true in China, where investment is concentrated in Liaoning province, Shandong province, Beijing, Shanghai, Jilin province and Tianjin (in that order). Investment in China is also strongly weighted toward the manufacturing industries, particularly the labor-intensive industries such as textiles and clothing, assembly, metals, shoes and footwear, and petrochemicals. Chinese markets fulfill the same role for South Korea today as the South Korean markets themselves did in the 1960s and 1970s. However, the investment behavior described above is causing a hollowing out in the South Korean economy and effectively obstructing ongoing modernization of the industrial structure. Meanwhile, statistics on economic and trade relations between North and South Korea show that the volume of trade has risen 9.3 times in the six years from 1989 to 1994. South Korea exports mainly intermediate goods as well as light industry products such as chemical fibers, chemical fabrics and petrochemical products, and imports mainly mineral resources such as gold, bar silver and bar zinc, as well as primary produce and non-durable consumer goods such as clothing. The vast bulk of North-South trade takes place through third-party intermediaries. South Korea is surrounded by capital from industrialized Japan, the United States and the overseas Chinese on the periphery of the East Asia region. In order to achieve sustained economic growth into the 21st century and beyond, South Korea must break free from its existing economic structure (which is heavily weighted toward Japan and the United States) and industrial structure (which is heavily weighted toward labor-intensive industries). To this end, South Korea should endeavor to develop a "Korea Network," a mutually complementary economic network incorporating both North and South Korea as well as Koreans living in Japan and Korean residents of Jilin province in China. This "economic sphere" would be a common body in the region, uniting the elements that define the people (history, culture, tradition, language and so on), rather an economic sphere bringing together different countries and peoples. In this sense, it would have a fundamentally different meaning than other economic spheres. It is time for the economy of South Korea to adopt an independent stance in the Pacific Rim region.
日本大学の論文
1997-03-25

著者

郭洋春
立教大学経済学部

環太平洋の中の韓国経済(経済摩擦と国際秩序-パックスアメリカーナと日・韓・中の地域経済圏-,総合研究)

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